Linguistic terms and concepts

Types of linguistics or branches of linguistics

Phonetics

Part of linguistics that studies the sounds of languages

studies human sounds

called
phonemes

different at letters of the alphabet

Example

In American English the / ɑ: / and / ɒ / are a vowel, so calm (calm) and cot (cot) have the same vowel.

An example of phonetics is how the letter "b" in the word "bed" is spoken - you start out with your lips together. Then, air from your lungs is forced over your vocal chords, which begin to vibrate and make noise. The air then escapes through your lips as they part suddenly, which results in a "b" sound.

Types of Phonetics

Phonetics is divided into three types according to the production (articulatory), transmission (acoustic) and perception (auditive) of sounds. Three categories of sounds must be recognised at the outset: phones (human sounds), phonemes (units which distinguish meaning in a language), allophones (non-distinctive units).

Exist 3 types of sounds

Sound can be of different types—soft, loud, pleasant, unpleasant, musical, audible (can be heard), inaudible (cannot be heard), etc. Some sounds may fall into more than one category. For instance, the sound produced when an aeroplane takes off is both loud and unpleasant

Morphology

Part of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the inflection, composition and derivation of words.

studies

The morpheme is the minimum representative unit or minimum linguistic sign and as a sign that it is it has meaning and signifier that is called morph

Signifier= morpho

Meaning = Morpheme

It analyzes the structure of words and parts of words, such as stems, root words, prefixes, and suffixes. Morphology also looks at parts of speech, intonation and stress, and the ways context can change a word's pronunciation and meaning. ... These are understood as grammars that represent the morphology of the language

Example

examples include table, kind, and jump. Another type is function morphemes, which indicate relationships within a language. Conjunctions, pronouns, demonstratives, articles, and prepositions are all function morphemes. Examples include and, those, an, and through

Syntax

Linguistic discipline that studies the order and relationship of words or phrases in sentences, as well as the functions they fulfill.

Refers to

Is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences (sentence structure) in a given language, usually including word order

Syntax states the rules for using words, phrases, clauses and punctuation, specifically to form sentences

Syntax is the order or arrangement of words and phrases to form proper sentences. The most basic syntax follows a subject + verb + direct object formula.

Example.

That is, "Jillian hit the ball." Syntax allows us to understand that we wouldn't write, "Hit Jillian the ball."

Phonology

Part of linguistics that studies the phonemes or theoretical descriptions of the vowel and consonant sounds that make up a language

study the use of sounds in a language

It's important because

a sound in English may not exist in Spanish, but sound similar to another generating confusion

Example

"three" is not pronounced with the "t" of Spanish but that difference is imperceptible if you are not trained to listen to it, training your ear

Semantics

People learn the meaning of words in a basic fashion at first, but then as facility with a language grows, more complex meanings emerge. Semantics explains the various types of meaning that exist within a language, granting insight into how a person builds ability and understanding with that language.

In addition is the subfield that studies meaning. Semantics can address meaning at the levels of words, phrases, sentences, or larger units of discourse.

The use of semantics

The aim of semantics is to discover why meaning is more complex than simply the words formed in a sentence

Example

destination" and "last stop" technically mean the same thing, but students of semantics analyze their subtle shades of meaning.

Examples of Semantics:
A toy block could be called a block, a cube, a toy.


A child could be called a child, kid, boy, girl, son, daughter.


The word "run" has many meanings-physically running, depart or go (I have to run, spent (it has run its course), or even a snag in a pair of hose (a run in my hose)

Semantics is the study of meaning in language. It can be applied to entire texts or to single words

Two terms that are related to semantics are connotation and denotation. Connotation refers to the meanings that we associate with the word-beyond the literal dictionary definition. The connotation of a word includes all of the emotions and feelings that go along with the use of the word. Denotation includes the literal definition of the word.