What influences crime?

Theorist: Lawrence KohlbergSix identifyable stages:Pre-Conventionalx Obedience and Punishment Orientation (How can I avoid punishment?)x Self-Interest Orientation (What's in it for me?)Conventionalx Interpersonal Accord and Conformity ("Good boys don't do that.")x Authority and Social-Order Maintaining Orientation (Follow laws for a good society)Post Conventionalx Social Contract Orientation (What is best for the majority?)x Universal Ethical Principles (In someone else's shoes)Some adults get stuck at the lower levels and can't tell right from wrong.

Theorist: CleckleyA psychopath is more likely to commit crime.

Theorist: Sigmund FreudId - Source of desiresEgo - creates options for satisfying the idSuperego - 'conscience' that decides right from wrongThree criminal possibilities:Weak Superego (too lazy to tell right from wrong)Sublimation (hate mother, so kill other women [substitution])Thanatos (everyone wants to die)

Theorist: Cesare LombrosoThose less 'evolved' are more likely to commit crimes.The physical features display just how 'evolved' someone is.

Theorist: BinetIf you're lacking in judgment, young in mind but mature in body, or 'feebleminded', then you're more likely to commit a crime.

Theorist: Patricia JacobsSupermales (men with XYY chromosomes) have a higher chance of committing crimes.

Theorist: GallIf a person's skull is malformed, the contents must be damaged. If the brain is abnormal, then the person is more likely to commit a crime.

Theorist: William SheldonPeople are of three body types: Ectomorphic, Mesomorphic, and Endomorphic. Most are a combination. Certain traits and criminal behaviors can be attributed to each type.Physically, Endomorphs have:x a soft body x underdeveloped muscles x round shaped featuresx an over-developed digestive system Mentally, Endomorphs:x have a love of food x are tolerant x have evenness of emotions x have a love of comfort x are sociable x are good humored x are relaxed x have a need for affection Physically, Mesomorphs have:x a hard, muscular body x an overly mature appearance x rectangular-shaped featuresx thick skin x upright posture Mentally, Mesomorphs:x are adventurous x have a desire for power and dominance x are courageous x are indifferent to what others think or want x are assertive and bold x have a zest for physical activity x are competitive x have a love of risk and chance Physically, Ectomorphs have:x thin bodiesx a flat chest x a delicate build x a young appearance x tall bodiesx lightly muscled bodiesx stoop-shouldered posturex a large brain Mentally, Ectomorphs:x are self-conscious x have a preference for privacy x are introverted x are inhibited x are socially anxious x are artistic x are mentally intense x are emotionally restrained

Theorist: Shaw and McKay; Park and BurgessResearch done in the 1920's.The enivironment shapes your behavior.1.) The central business district (Businesses)2.) Trasitional Zone (Factories)3.) Working Class Zone (Cheap apartments)4.) Residential Zone (Homes with yards + garages)5.) Commuter Zone (Fancy houses/suburbs.)1 is the worst, 5 the best.The closer you are to the business district = more crime.

Theorist: None in particularResearch done in the 1980's.Graffiti-covered and run-down buildings leads to more graffiti and destruction due to a perceived vulnerability.CPTED was created--Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design.

Theorist: Travis HirschiPeople don't commit crimes if they're bonded to society in a meaningful way.Attachment to others, Committment to a positive lifestyle, Involvement in positive activity, Belief in common values. Those without are more likely to get involved in criminal activity.

Theorist: Edwin LemertSecondary deviance explained only.Once given a 'label' people will live up to it.

Theorist: Burgess and AkersFormer offenders, who were led in by Differential Association, think about what happened in the past and decided if a crime is worth doing.

Theorist: DugdaleIf your family has a criminal history, you're likely to have one, too.

Theorist: SutherlandCriminal methods and motives are learned from peers.

Theorist: MillerLower class has lower class concerns. Those desires lead to crime. (Tough 'reps', being street smart).

Theorist: Albert CohenMiddle class has higher values, like respect, planning for the future, etc. If they don't think they can measure up to society, they do the opposite and get involved with crime.

Theorist: Turk, Void, ChamblissA big gap between the rich and the poor results in crime. The rich control gov't and rules, and try to keep the poor down. (Cheap Crack Cocaine + Meth punishments.)

Theorist: Cohen, Cloward and Ohlin, Agnew, Messner and RosenfeldSocial Structures in society may cause criminal behavior if they do not satisfy the needs of the people.

Theorist: Emile Durkheim, MertonA social crisis causes people to adopt criminal values.

Theorist: Cloward and OhlinGangs form for economic opportunity. x Criminal Gangx Conflict Gangx Retreatist Gang

Theorist: Jerry BenthamCrime will be avoided if the benefit is outmatched by the consequences.Punishment must be 'swift and certain' to work.Key Word = Deterrence

Theorist: Cohen and FelsonCrime is the result of conscious choice.The benefits outweigh the costs.

Theorist: Cesare BeccariaCrime is the result of free will.Punishment must be just strong enough to deter: no Death Penalty.