Categorization of Language Learning Strategies (LLS)

Oxford (1990)

Memory-related strategies

-Various memory related strategies enable
learners to learn and retrieve information in an orderly string (e.g., acronyms).

- memory strategies are often used for memorizing vocabular and structures in initial stages of language learning

Compensantory Strategies

- Example : guessing from the context in listening and reading, using synonyms,

help the learner make up for missing knowledge

Affective Strategies

identifying one's mood and anxiety level,about
feelings, rewarding oneself for good performance, and using deep breathing or positive self

Main topic

Stern (1992)

Management and Planning Strategies

Decide on suitable methodology,select proper resources and monitor progress

Set reasonable objectives

Decide what dedications to make tolanguage learning

figures

Cognitive Strategies

Gesturing,paraphrasing, or asking for repetition and explanation are methods employed by learners to keep the cobersation going

involve the use of verbal and nonverbal instruments for the useful transfer of knowledge

the purpose is to avoid interuupting the course of information

Interpersonal Strategies

monitor the learners' development and evaluate their performance

learners need to have communication with native speakers and cooperate with them

Rubin's (1987)

Learning Strategies

Cognitive Learning Strategies

involves direct analysis,synthesis, transformation of learning materials

Clarification,verification, guessing, inductive inferencing,deductive reasoning, practice, memorizatio and monitoring

Metacognitive Learning Strategies

are used to supervise, control or self-direct language learning

Planning, prioritizing, setting goals and and self-management

Communication Strategies

to make use of one's linguistic or communicative knowledge to remain in the conversation

Subtopic

Social Strategies

activities in which learners are opportunities that can be a great help to practice their knowledge