electrolytes

hyponatremia

Na loss

diarrhea

hypotonic dehydration

sweat (eq)

tubular dz

Addison's

third space syndromes

H2O retention

iatrogenic mannitol

congestive heart failure

hypernatremia

Na retention

iatrogenic administration

salt toxicity

hypertonic dehydration

sweat (bo, SA)

H2O loss

diabetes insipidus

primary hypodypsia

hyposthenuric urine

renal dz

hyperchloremia

see Na

hypochloremia

proportional

see Na

[Na]-[Cl] > 45

vomiting (SA)

gastric reflux (eq)

displaced abomasum (rum)

metabolic alkalosis

acidosis

high gap

lactate

tissue hypoxia, shock

grain overload (rum)

ketoacidosis (rum), DKA (SA)

uremia

renal failure

organic poisons

ethylene glycol

hyperkalemia

normal gap

saliva loss (rum)

diarrhea

alkalosis

high gap

mixed alkalosis > acidosis

normal gap

vomiting (SA)

iatrogenic gastric reflux (eq)

abomasal/high gut obstruction (rum)

normal

high gap

mixed disorder

hypocalcemia (tetany)

normal P

hypoalbuminemia

acute pancreatiis (saponification)

blister beetle toxicosis (eq)

hyperphosphatemia

1° hypoparathyroidism

- PTH

hypophosphatemia

renal 2° hypoparathyroidism

azotemia

+ PTH

isosthenuria

ethylene glycol toxicity

Ca ppt

hypercalcemia (weakness)

normal/hypophosphatemia

paraneoplastic (SA)

+ PTHrh

1° hyperparathyroidism

renal failure, - GFR (eq)

hyperphosphatemia

renal failure, - GFR

hypervitaminosis D

hypoadrenocorticism

bone lesions, osteolysis

granulomatous inflammation

hyperphosphatemia

decreased GFR

bladder rupture

some drugs

rhabdomyolysis

pre-renal (eq)

azotemia

low metabolism

hypophosphatemia

mild: comon, WNL

hyperadrenocorticism

some drugs

high metabolism

hyperkalemia (flacid)

post-renal

azotemia

anuria

acidosis

HYPP (eq)

hypokalemia (tonic)

anorexia

GI/urinary loss

hyponatremia

alkalosis

iatrogenic HCO3, insulin

urgent! treat!

hypermagnesemia

hypoadrenocorticism

post parturient hypocalcemia

- GFR/urinary elimination

hypomagnesemia

LA

dietary deficiency/imbalance

milk tetany (calves), grass tetany, transport tetany

heavily fertilized pasture (LA)

high NO3/low Mg in plant

SA

renal loss

GI loss

2° hypokalemia