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Ferdinand De Saussure 1857-1913 Swiss

Synchrony

A point in time

Langue

System of signs shared by a speech community.

Phonology

Syntax

What is shared by the community

Parole

What the individual speaks

Diachrony

Historical Linguistics

The relationship between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary

His distinctions proved to be mainsprings to productive linguistic research and can be regarded as starting points on the avenue of linguistics known as structuralism.

He also introduced two terms that have become common currency in linguistics—“parole,” or the speech of the individual person, and “langue,” the system underlying speech activity.

He thus formalized the basic approaches to language study and asserted that the principles and methodology of each approach are distinct and mutually exclusive.

Saussure established his reputation with a brilliant contribution to comparative linguistics.

Cours de Linguistique Générale 1916

Father of Moderm Linguistics