Grammar Tenses Andrea Cabascango PAI 5B

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Grammar Tenses Andrea Cabascango MYP 5B

Past tenses B2

Infinitive and Gerund (ing)

Uses: change the meaning

Stop watching the news.

Infinitive and Gerund - gerund

S + verb + to + verb inf + cmp + .

She's learning to play the piano in her school.

Infinitive and Gerund - infinitive

S + verb + verb -ing + cmp + .

I don't mind waiting if you're busy.

Used to

S + used to + inf. verb . S + didn’t/did not + use to + m. verb Did/Didn’t + use to + m. verb

We used to go to the seaside every summer when I was a kid.

Past simple

subject + verb + ed subject + did not + infinitive Did + subject+ infinitive

John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.

Past continous

S + was/were + verb (ing) + object S + was/were + not + verb (ing) + object Was/were + S + verb (ing) + object?

They were eating at the restaurant.

Past perfect

S + had + verb (past participle) +complement S + had + not + verb (past participle) +complement Had + S + verb (past participle) + complement?

The film had started before we arrived.

Past perfect continous

S + had + been + v-ing + . S+ had not/hadn´t + been + v-ing + . Had + S + been + v-ing + ?

Helen had been listening the same music for 4 hours.

Would

S + would + main verb base + . S+ would not/ wouldn’t + main verb base + . Would + S + main verb base + ?

When I was young I would play tennis.

Tenses

Passive present

The exams are graded

Subject + am not/isn't/aren't + verb in past participle Subject + am /ist/are + verb in past participle Am/is/are + subject + past participle verb

Used to describe an action that is happening to the subject of the sentence.

Used to emphasize the action rather than the subject performing the action

Is formed using the auxiliary verbs "am/is/are" followed by the past participle (3rd form of the verb)

Passive past

A lot of cod is caught in the North Atlantic.

How to use it

The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence

used to describe an action that is happening to the subject of the sentence.

Subject + wasn't/were n't+ past participle verb Subject + was/were + past participle verb Was/Were + subject + past participle verb

Present perfect

Subject + have/has + v3 + object Subject + have/has + not + v3 + object Have/has + subject + v3 + object +?

She has worked in the bank for five years.

Use: An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present

Present

Present Continous

This man is drinking tea

used for actions or events that are happening or developing now.

+: S + am/is/are + present participle (verb+ing) +compliement

-: S + am/is/are + not + present participle (verb+ing) + complement

?: Am/is/are + s + present participle (verb+ing) + complement

Present Simple

Use:

used to refer to events, actions, and conditions that are happening all the time

+: S + Verb in the base form/third person plural form

-: S + Do not/Don’t/Does not/Doesn’t + Verb in the base form/third person plural form

?: Do/Does + Subject + Verb

She works in London

Conditional

"I wish" + a condition when we regret something.

After the words "I wish" we put the part of the complex sentence that goes after "if" in the conditionals.

B2 Future Forms

Future perfect continous

Actions that will be ongoing before another action in the future.

I will have been playing tennis.

+: S + will + have + been + present participle of the main verb + compliment

-: S + will + not + have +been + present participle of the main verb + compliment

?: Will + S + have + been + present participle of the main verb + compliment

Future perfect

Actions that will be completed before another action in the future.

Example:

I will have played tennis.

+: S + will + have + past participle + compliment

-: S + will + not + have + past participle + compliment

?: Will + S + have + past participle + compliment

Future Continous

Actions that will be ongoing in the future.

I will be playing tennis.

Structure

+: S + will + be + Past participle form of the verb + compliment

-: S + Will not be/Won’t be + Past participle form of the verb + compliment

?: Will + S + Be + Past participle form of the verb + compliment

Simple Future

Actions that will occur in the future.

Structure:

+: S + will + Base form of the verb + compliment

-: S + Will not/Won't + Base form of the verb + compliment

I will play tennis.

B2 Future forms 2

Determiners

Definite and indefinite articles

The moon looks beautiful tonight.

Demonstrative determiners

I don’t want to sit at this table. I want that table near the window.

Possessive determiners

Penelope brought her cat to the vet.

Determiners of difference

Other shoes might match your outfit better.

Can I have another cup of tea?

Numbers

Cardinal numbers|I’m close with my four siblings.

Each employee was given a raise.

Distributive determiners

Interrogative determiners

What height is the Empire State Building?

Quantifiers

here are already several people waiting for a table at this restaurant.

a word that modifies, describes, or introduces a noun.

Pronouns

words that replace nouns to make sentences less repetitive and more concise

Indefinited

everyone, nobody

Interrogative

who, what

Reflexive

myself, herself

Demostrative

this, that

Possesive

his, her

Personal

he, she

Nouns

a noun is a term used to identify something

Types o nouns:

Proper

London

Commom

Table

Collective

Group

Abstract

Love

Concret

Apple

Un countable

Bread

Countable

Pens

Plural

Dogs

Singular

Dog

Articles

small words that help us to specify the nouns.

Uses:

"The" is used to specify a particular noun.

“A” is used before nouns that begin with a consonant sound.

A car

Subtopic

“An" is used before nouns that begin with a vowel sound.

An apple

The book on the table

Modals - imperatives

Imperatives

a sentence that expresses a direct command, request, invitations, warning, or instruction.

Negative Imperative

Don't forget to call me.

Request

Please pass the salt

Command

Close the door

Modal

are auxiliary verbs that are used together with main verbs to represent

ability, possibility and probability

subject to perform an action and to emphasize the necessity of an action.

the speaker tries to explain:

Necessary Advisable Permissible Possible Probable

Expressing necessity

Have to Have got to --------->Must

Be supposed to -------->had better

Be going to -------->will / shall

Be able to ------->can / could

Expressing necessity 0.2

i) Present Must Have to Have got to ii) Past Had to

Lack of necessity and prohibition

i) Lack of necessity Not have to ii) Prohibition Must not Musn't

Advisability

should / shuoldn't Ought to / no negative had better / had better not Should have + V past + participl

Relative adverbs

They provide more information

Connect the relative clause to the main clause.

Types

Where

Refers to a place

The house where I grew up is now a museum.

Why

Talk about reasons

Tell me the story of why you decided to move.

When

Refers to a time

The day when we met was unforgettable.

Relative clauses

is a type of dependent clause that modifies a noun and provides more information about it.

A relative clause has a subject and verb, but it cannot stand alone as a sentence.

Non-defining Clauses

Extra information use commas around them always use a relative pronoun Never use THAT

Defining clauses

Essential information NOT use commas subject after the pronoun,

Relative pronouns

a word that is used to connect an independent clause to a relative clause

include who, whom, whose, that and which

meant to provide more information about the subject it relates to

Example

Sheela, who is a teacher, also works as a social worker

Grammar Tenses Andrea Cabascango PAI 5B