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animal cells
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2

Monosacharides

Polysacharides

Glycosidic linkages

Dehydration synthesis

Storage molecules

Structure

Glycogen

Amylopectin

Amylose

Cellulose

Alpha glucose

Beta glucose

Carbohydrates

null

Biomolecules

Lipids

Fatty acids

Glycerol

Unsaturated

Saturated

Phospholipid Bilayer

Store energy

Proteins

Amino acids

Polypeptides

Peptide bonds

Enzymes

Transport

Storage

Defense

Levels of Structure

Secondary Structure

Primary structure

Tertiary Structure

Amino acid sequence

Alpha helices

Beta sheets

Hydrogen bonds

Quaternary Structure

R Groups

Intramolecular bonds

Intermolecular bonds

Disulfide bonds

Hydrophobic Interactions

Ionic bonds

Polypeptides

Nucleic Acids

Cells

Prokaryotes

circular DNA

Plasmid

genetic info

archaea

extremely hot environments

bacteria

cell wall

cell structure

peptidoglycan

nucleus

genetic information

DNA/chromosomes

cell's activity

double helix

cytoplasm

glycogen

granules

energy

gel like fluid

between cell membrane and nucleus^

place where organelles can function

membrane bound organelles

mitochondria

ATP

energy for cell

photosynthesis

lysosomes

waste removal

golgi apparatus

transporting and packaging proteins/lipids

smooth ER

lipids, phospholipid and steroids

rough ER

proteins

flagella and cilia

movement

RNA

ribosomes

protein synthesis

rRNA

translating messages

tRNA

transporting genetic information

mRNA

sending messages in the cell

Eukaryotes

Eukarya

plant cells

chloroplasts

green color

cell wall

cellulose

cell structure

vacuole

cell sap

storage of materials and water

animal cells

cell membrane

phospholipid bilayer

hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

amphipathic

selectively permeable membrane

small, nonpolar molecules

Plasma Membrane

Low to high concentration
Against concentation gradient
ATP required

Active

Sodium potassium pump

proteins aid Na+ & K+ across the membrane

Primary

Secondary

Vesicles

Small sac-like organelles that store & transport materials inside cell

Substance leaving cell

Exocytosis

outward transport of large particles via vesicle which fuses with cell membrane

Substance entering cell

Endocytosis

Pinocytosis

Cell takes in fluids along with dissolved small molecules

Phagocytosis

Solid particles into cell through formation of membrane vesicle

Receptor-Mediated cytosis

Specialized type of pinocytosus enabling cell to acquire bulk amounts of specific substance

High to low concentration
Along concentration gradient
ATP is not required

Passive

Diffusion

Simple

Small nonpolar molecules can pass through
Polar molecules have some trouble passing through
Ions cannot pass through

Osmosis

Water from high (through semi-permeable membrane) to low concentration until water is equal on both sides of plasma membrane

Water Balance

Hypertonic

Higher solute concentration than another solution
Water particles move out cell

Plasmolyzed

membrane pulls away from wall

plasmolysis

water molecules within cells diffuse out & the solute molecules enter, making cell shrink

Isotonic

Same solute concentration as another solution
Overall concentration on both sides of cell membrane is constant

flaccid

no net movement inside cell

water will not flow in or out

ideal state

Hypotonic

Solution has lower solute concentration than another solution
Water particles move into cell, cell explands & eventually lyses

turgid

swell until the wall opposes uptake

ideal state

rapidly gain water

Facilitated

Proteins aid in transport

Hydrophilic

amino acids with polar R groups

Hydrophobic

Amino acids with nonpolar R groups

unicellular

capsule and slime layers

defense and adhesion

Nucleotides

DNA

RNA

Phosphodiester bond

Hydrogen bond

Pentose Sugar

Deoxiribose

Phosphate Group

Nitrogenous Base

Inheritence

Code for proteins

Nucleosides

Ribose

Uracil

Thymine

Adenine

Guanine

Cytosine

Strands

Anti parallel

Backbone

Phospholipids

Hydrophilic

Hydrophobic

Amphipathic

A molecule with both properties

Cis Unsaturated

Trans unsaturated

Functions of

ATP

Cell Respiration

Glycolysis

Citric Acid Cylcle

Kreb’s Cycle

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Pyruvate Oxidation

Oxygen

Glucose

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Glucose 6-Phosphate

Fructose 6 Phosphate

Fructose 1, 6- Biphosphate

Hexokinase

Phosphofructokinase

Pyruvate

Acetyl CoA

Oxaloacetate

Citrate

Isocitrate

Alpha ketogluterase

Complex 1

Complex 2

Q

Complex 3

Complex 4

Cyt c

H+ pump into innermembrane space

Chemiosmosis

H+ gradient

ATP Synthase

26-28 ATP

Takes place on the mitochondria

Takes place in the cytosol

Processes of ATP formation

cellular respiration

Photosynthesis

stage 1

Cell Signaling

Tyrosine Kinase

2 tyrosine kinase proteins

ligand binds to binding site

G Protein Linked

G protein coupled receptor

ligand attaches to binding site

protein hormones

neurotransmitters

G protein

GTP is bound

GDP is bound

Adenylyl Cyclase

enzyme

ATP

cAMP

second messenger

Protein Kinase A

phosphorylation cascade

cellular response is generated

Ion Channels

reception

transduction

response

nucleus

series of enzyme activations

chemical signals

plasma membrane

on the membrane

ligand binds to receptor

ligand-gated ion channel receptor

closed

bound with ligand

activates the channel

flow of specific ions

intramembrane space

rapid change of concentration

an action potential

a cellular response is generated

inactive

dimer

ATP is hydrolyezed to ADP

phosphate groups are added

phosphorylated dimer

2 inactive relay proteins to attach

Subtopic

synaptic signaling

electrical signals

synapse

paracrine signaling

secretory vesicle

extracellular fluid

gap junctions

plasmodesmata

long distance signaling

travel in bloodstream

Subtopic

tight junctions