MEMBRANE
Phospholipid bilayer
Protein
Peripheral: touch the outside of the phospholipid bilayer
Endocytosis: cell takes in molecules by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane
Phagocytosis: cell engulfs particles
Receptor-mediated: cell acquires bulk quantities of specific substances
Diffusion: moving from high to low concentration
Active: needs protein and ATP
Simple: no need for protein or ATP
Small non-polar molecules: CO2, O2
Molarity
Hypertonic: higher solute concentration
Isotonic: same concentration
Plant
Turgid: normal; plant cell is hypertonic to the outside
Plasmolyze:
Flaccid
Animal
Lysed
Normal
Shriveled
Hypotonic: lower solute concentration
Subtopic
Membrane fluidity: unsaturated tail and cholesterol
Exocytosis: cell secretes certain molecules by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane
CELL SIGNALING
Signal transduction pathway: amplification of message
Reception signal molecule binds to receptor
Signaling molecule
G protein coupled receptor
G protein
Adenylyl Cyclase
Ras: type of G-protein
Tyrosine Kinase Receptor
Signaling molecule binds to kinases, makes a dimer
Produces ATP and adds 6 phosphate groups
Activates relay protein kinases
Transduction
CAMP: second messenger
Protein Kinase A
Phosphorylation Cascade
Cellular responses
Example: Produces transcription factors
p53: (tumor suppressor gene) produces protein that inhibits the cell cycle as a transcription factor
defective p53 as a missing transcription factor cannot activate transcription, causes cancer
Enzymes
GENE REGULATION
PROKARYOTES
Lac operon
Lactose Present
Yes
Repressor binds to allolactose (inactive)
Glucose Present
No
Adenylyl Cyclase: active
cAMP levels high
CAP active
Yes
Adenylyl cyclase: inactive
cAMP levels low
cAMP inactive
operon OFF (basal)
No
Trp operon
Tryptophan Present
Yes
No
Repressor is inactive (not enough tryptophan avaliable)
Operon ON
EUKARYOTIC
DNA packaging
Nucleosome
Tight Helical Fiber
Looped Domains
Metaphase Chromosome
Proximal control elements
Distal control elemeents
General Transcription Factors
Low Levels (basal) Transcription
Specific Transcription Factors
High Levels of Transcription
Activatiors
Attach to the enhancers
Activates to the DNA binding protein: bends and folds to gene to reach the promoter
CELL CYCLE
Interphase
G1: growth occurs
S: DNA replication
G2: more growth
Meiosis
Meiosis I
Prophase I: chromosomes condenses, nucleoli begins to break down and disappear
Prometaphase I
Metaphase I: homologous chromosomes align parallel in the center of cell
Anaphase I: homologous chromosomes move to the opposite ends of the cell
Telophase I: spindle fibers disperse, nuclear envelope forms around a group of chromosomes at each pole
Cytokinesis
Animals: cleavage furrow
Plants: cell plate forms
Meiosis II
Prophase II
Prometaphase II
Metaphase II: Chromosomes align in the center of cell
Anaphase II
TelophaseII
Mitosis
Prophase: chromosomes condenses, nucleoli begins to break down and disappear
Prometaphase
Metaphase: chromosomes align in the center of cell
Anaphase: sister chromatids move to the opposite ends of the cell
Telophase: spindle fibers disperse, nuclear envelope forms around a group of chromosomes at each pole
Cytokinesis: cytoplasm divides
Animals: cleavage furrow
Plants: cell plate forms
Cancer
Proto-oncogene: normal cell growth and division
Oncogene: 'onco' means tumor
p53: tumor repressor gene
Ras: a G-protein
Cyclins: protein
Cyclin-Dependent Kinases: only active when bound to specific cyclins, always present in the cell
Expresses protein that stimulates the cell cycle
Hyperactive Ras signals excessive protein
Produces an uncontrolled cell growth and leads to cancer
Proteins
Amino Acids
Carbohydrates
Sugars
Fats
Glycerol
Fatty Acids
Glycolysis
Glucose
Glyceraldehyde-3-P
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
Citric Acid Cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
MACROMOLECULES
Protein Kinase: adds a phosphate group
EXAM 1
EXAM 3
BIOLOGY 311C: introduction to structure & function, energy flow, and transmission & expression of genetic information in the living systems
BIG IDEA I
Biological Hierarchy
Chemistry for Biology
Biological Molecules
Origin of Life
Cell Structure
Biological Membrane
Cell Communication
BIG IDEA II
Metabolism
Respiration
Photosynthesis
PEP Carboxylase
CO2
Oxaloacelatate (4C)
Malate (4C)
CO2
Calvin Cycle
Sugar
Vascular Tissue
Pyruvate (3C)
PEP (3C)
BIG IDEA III
DNA Structure & Replication
Transcription & Translation
Gene Regulation
Recombinant DNA
Mammary cell donor
Egg cell from ovary
Grown in culture
Implanted in uterus of a third sheep
Embryonic Development
Egg cell donor
Cell Cycle
Meiosis
Adnylyl cyclase: converts ATP to CAMP
Phosphodiesterase: converts CAMP to AMP
Phosphatase: removes a phosphate group
EXAM 2
Pinocytosis:cell continually gulps droplets of extracellularfluid
Subtopic
Integral: Proteins that are inside and outside the phospholipid bilayer; transmembrane protein
Carrier