CHY4C

Fall of Rome -> End of ancient history

Next 1000 years were called the middle ages

Medieval (latin term) = dark ages

Life during the middle ages were hard

Structures (Houses)

Illness (Closed courters)

Hygiene, Security, and Tax

Strong belief in Christianity

System of loyalties and protections

Economic system -> based on agriculture

Villages were not allowed to leave village
without permission only case many be
women for marriage

Christianity was the most important influence

Church was often the only way to get an
education - biased Christian education

Pope ruled Christian church

The Power of the Church

Heresy is belief that is apposed to teaching
of the church

Beginning 1200's, person accused of heresy was
trailed, in religious court called an Inquistion

Inquisition those who confessed received
milder punishment

Punishments included; Seizure, destruction of
property, banishment, torture, and death
(such as burning at the stake)

Began in Asia (China) covered by fleas which
lived on backs of rats

Spread faster due to, increasing trade

Killed between 25-45% of population

Many thought it was punishment of God

Humanism reveal of Greek and Latin classics - Viewed
classics as literature, philosophy and art

Stressed living in world, human dignity, being responsible

Valued knowledge for its own sake, guide to personal
and political conduct, however did not abandon Christianity

Renaissance Man

"Independence of mind", a person who mastered all
areas of art and thought, becoming a "Complete man",
humanity was the world they lived in, "Mans fate could
be controlled and improved", da vinci was only person
to be "Complete man".

Occurred in Florence, Italy, Italy was commercial
bridge between west and wealthier World of Asia

Cities such as Venice, Pisa, Milan and Florence
during this period

Adanced shipbuilding and navigating techniques

Modern business; such as book keeping, generating
letters of credit, system introduced money and credit

Italian city states - Banking centres and economy
changed from land to take, credit and opening of markets

Merchant class often predominated

City states help supreme religious authority

Power shifted and regimes were ruled by
individuals with power or oligarchs

Humanists stressed the importance of education
for children, education was to be...

People felt loyalty to their political and social
community print

Johanne Gutenberg (1397-1468)

Books went from rare to common and
expensive to cheap

Promoted language, fostered news and
propaganda, encouraged literacy and
scholarship, lowered barrier

Usually only males could read and write

What is the role of women during the Renaissance?

They had to marry

Duties of a housewife

For royalty, make an heir to the throne

No political rights

Who holds "power" during the Renaissance?

The power is determined by social status and
family, it was within the hierarchy (king)

Describe the social hierarchy during the Renaissance?

The nobles, the merchants, the tradesmen
and the unskilled workers

Poetry and literature made a strong appearance

What is the role of education during the Renaissance?

Poetry and literature made a strong apperance

The more educated the better - education was valued

Humanism played a major role in education

What is the role of religion during the Renaissance?

God's wrath

The plague

Witch trials

Inquisition

The Renaissance was the Artistic Revolution

Transformed Western ideas of art and changed the
status of artists until this day

A religious focus gave Christianity its "face"

Church continued to be main purchases of art

Christian artists painted the world around them

Artists were viewed as 'Geniuses who changes the
way people view the world

Medieval art was inspired by religious belief and
authority

It reflected Christian values and the history of Christianity

The classicism of the renaissance revived
interest in the nude human form

The ideals of classicism

Proportion, orders, harmony, symmetry, and the ideal themes

The first free-standing life-size statue since ancient
times was Donato Donatello's (1386-1466)

The Renaissance began the modern notion of art
as representative of the world external to us,
depicting the human condition

He worked with art, science, philosophy and literature

Leonardo Da Vinci's "Last Supper" has a very
human Jesus, seeing the divine in the ordinary

Naturalism became popular, painting the natural
form, and using more detail

Religion had three crucial tasks

Providence: They found comfort in the
thought of God looking over them

Salvation: What happened to them was
from them sining and that would determine
their fate

and Community

Religion formed a social ethic through preachers,
teachers, censors and church courts which
supported social control

The Renaissance eva was the revolutionary a
break within the Roman Catholic Church

Humanism played a direct role in sparking the Reformation

Republican governments involved into
regimes ruled by despots or oligarches

Embassies were established with resident
ambassadors, commercial relations were
fostered, and alliances were formed and dissolved

Better translations of Greek mathematics,
astronomy geography, medicine and natural science

Renaissance gave birth to several intellectual
movements that eroded the legacy of medieval thought

Formal skepticism

Material Philosophy (matter objects, over mind)

Magic drained away (Demystification)

The Protestant Reformation

The name given to the spiritual/religious reform
movement that divided the Western Church into
Catholic and Protestant groups

Reformation happens at different places at
different times in Europe

Reform = making changes

As the Renaissance moved Northward, so did it's ideals

Christian Humanism

Goal was the reform the Catholic Church

Change society, must first change humanity

Human beings able to reason and improve selves

Education (high class)

Allowing for mass text

Reading for yourself = more pious
(having strong religious feelings)

Role of Christianity in people

His beliefs of Christianity

Religion is more than just a set of rules, people
having the ability to reflect on themselves

Connection to God

Focus inward = themselves (morals)

Reasons for the Reformation

Commoners believed that upper levels
of churchvwere wealthy and oppressive

People began to question God

Smaller autonomous cities/republics wanted
to run own affairs in a modern way

Politics were changing and effecting religion

Monarchy - Rid kingdom of Church taxes, property,
and political influence and take them as their own

Kings and Queens separate from Church to gain taxes

Veneration of relics

Obtaining Indulgence

Indulgences (money) were buying a pass to
salvation (heaven)

Rather than confess your sins just pay the church
and get a "pass to heaven"

A monk and professor of theology

Conflicted by the difference in Catholic teachings/
practice vs. what was said in the biblee

To obtain salvation

Faith in God alone will earn salavtion

Religion is about our personal connection to God

Luther's 95 Thesis

October 31, 1517

95 Thesis spelled out the abuses of the church

Printing Press was a huge impact

Print mass amount of text for cheap

Allowed people to read what Luther is writing

Considered a Heiratic even if you just read the Thesis

"It is mere talk to preach that the soul flied out immediately the money clinks in the collection box."

The church is just telling you the money will save your soul but it will not make you a better Christian

"Christians should be taught that he who sees a needy person and passes him by; although he gives money for pardons, wins for himself not Papal indulgences but the wrath of God."

If you do one good deed it will not relive your sin, and it does not help the person in need just makes you feel better

Major Contributions of Luther and the Reformation

Translation of the Bible into German

Before only monks and educated people
could read the bible in Latin and Hebrew

Opened door to religious freedom

Only priests could read the bible and their interoperation of it, and made their own relationship to God

Abolition of vows of celibacy for Protestant clergy

Caused Catholic Church to consider reforms

Luther - Reformation

He did not intend to break with the church he just
wanted to reform

Luther refuses to take back what he said about the Church

Luther is excommunicated and defrocked (banned from the
Church and stripped of his potation as monk) in 1521

All Luther's works were burned

June, 1524

Luther "disappeared"

Peasants revolted against nobility and clergy

They supported Luther

They could not afford a Christian life

If they sinned they could not afford to pay the Church
to get forgiveness and a pass to heaven

Peace of Augsburg Treaty (1555)

German princes united under Luther

Publicy declared their support under Luther's teaching because they know have the support of the peasants

Start of a monarch age begins to show

The Jesults - "Army of the Church"

Religious order depicted to the pope

Used education to spread their message

Catholic run schools (open to anyone)

Responsible for spreading the word of God

Restored Catholicism (Europe and World)

Papal Reform

Reform Commission (1537)

Determined Church's problems = corrupt pope/policies

Council of Trent

Council of Trent

Gave Rome strict power of Religious doctrine (religious teachings)

Decided everything was to be communicated in Latin

Not everyone spoke Latin

Created system of reliance - keep control of followers

Pushed Bishops into cities to strengthen authority so they had more control

Has to insure Bishops were properly trained (educated)

Roman Inquistion

Purpose to discover and surpass heresy and to punish heretics

Had biased opinions - strict Christian code

Enforced conforminty

Proven since that many innocent people died at the hands of the Inquisition

Roman Index of Prohibited Books

Another tool used by Church to enforce conforminty

Tired to control and review all books and pamphlets
being published

Any book deemed inappropriate would be burned

Biased opinions used to declare people as heretics and
declare books as heresy

Monarchs (blood lines) claim the right to rule by divine right (God/supreme being)

Rulers represented God's well

Subject had a religious duty to obey

Religion is still a basis of structure

Henry VII (1485-1509)

Forged international relationships through marriages
of his children

Spain and Germany wanted to take alliance even after Arthurs's death - Married Arthurs widowed wife, Catherine of Aragon

Tries to annual his marriage so he can marry Anne Boleyn

Historically called most dreadful and famous kind of England

Creates Church of England (Protestant Church), and splits ties with the Roman Catholic Church

Relates to Reformation

Church had a lot of money and land if Henry VIII separates from the Catholic Church he will get such thing, removed country from Catholic Church to Protestant

Henry's six wives

Was the daughter of Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain

Daughter of Henry VIII and Catharine of Aragon

First Queen Regnant

Reigning because she is heir rather than marriage

Attempted to restore Catholicism and return England to Rome

Married Philip II of Spain

Known as "Bloody Mary" for the number of people executed for being protestant (300 killed)

She died of a tumour

Henry's VIII second wife

Henry had her changed with adultery and incest and beheaded

Many catholics felt that her child Elizabeth was ltlegitmate

Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn

Last tutor monarch, reigned for 45 years (Golden Ages)

Became England's greatest leader

Refused marriage (virgin queen)

Decline in religious wars

Advanced exploration and foreign trade

Patron of the arts and literature (education)

Brought England to the position of world power with the defeat of the Spanish Armada

Henry's VIII third wife

Queen did finally have that male heir, Edward VI

A protestant

King at age of nine in 1547 (called Boy King)

He was sick and died at the age of 16

She died of a fever - childbirth

Henry's VIII fourth wife, a German princess

Political alliance with Lutheran Germany

Annulled on July 9th, 1540

Henry's VIII fifth wife

A seventeen year old

Beheaded due to adultery

Henry's VIII six wife

Highly educated and deeply religious

Large impacted on Henry, he was influenced by her

Made attempted to get all his children together

Henry died in January of 1547

Henry VIII niece

Daughter of James V and destined to be the Queen of France

When Francois II died, she came back to be Queen of Scotland

Catholic english supported her succession over Elizabeth

Elizabeth had her executed for treason, Spain attacked but the Armada failed

Son of Mary Queen of Scots

Elizabeth is death, James was her heir

A catholic, authorization of the King James version of the bible, and as the "Wisest Fool in Christenatm"

Ruled as a tyrant

Was not a popular king

Had conflicts with parliament

Child king took throne at age four

Chose the sun as his emblem

Apollo - God of peace and arts, also there heavenly body which gave life to all thins

Economically exhausted after 30 years of war

Against protestants

Absoluted ruler - moved the court

Was a large supporter of arts

Louis was building Versailles almost all his life

Always had new ideas

Versailles was under construction till his death

Build under his dearest care

Louis XIV was the builder and planner of the masterpiece

Hatred of nobles and common people

Symbol for new spin in French culture church was
replaced with national pride

Life Before Europeans (Social, Religion)

Race was a legal status

95% decline of 25 million population
(European decreases had a major part)

The English began colonizing the Americans
in 1607. Starting with Virginia

Why was the area of interest to the Europeans
(Role of trade/economy)

Fur trade was big in New France and Algonquin
allies would meet them in Montreal with Pelt

Europeans were taken capture by aboriginal people of America. Aboriginal alliance tried to fight colonists, this war lasted a little over a year (Economy suffered)

Relationship With Europeans (Political, military)

Law system was present, used in terms of Imperialism

Their political structure included tribes,
chiefdoms, states, and empires

Newly discovered lan led to Treaty of Tordesillas

Life Before Europeans (Social, Religion)

Used religion as a way to justify slavery

Slavery always existed

Tended to be prisoners of war/criminals

Why was the area of interest to the Europeans
(Role of trade/economy)

Africans took some Europeans as trade

1518, the first transience slave trade. When Africans
arrive in the Caribbean

Trade slaves or obtained them for selling grades, such
as: Horses, gold, spices and perfume

Europe only captures people on the coast of Africa,
because it was seen as too dangerous to go deeper in

Relationship With Europeans (Political, military)

Africans constantly fought back, some would commit
suicide, stop eating, or try to take control of ships

Europeans introduced civil wars with African
kingdom, in order to take prisoners as salves

Life Before Europeans (Social, Religion)

Complex mixture of Indian, Persian, Asian
customs/belief systems

Hinduism is the main belief system

Women did not rule but they were strong political influences

Why was the area of interest to the Europeans
(Role of trade/economy)

Portuguese were the first to come to India for trade in spices

Inspired others to follow

Britain was the most important presence in India for 200 years

Portuguese weren't a threat to Indians and were granted
permission to trade (by the rulers)

Relationship With Europeans (Political, military)

Europeans became involved in local politics

Fragile empires established

Life Before Europeans (Social, Religion)

The first unified Empire was created by the
Qindunasfv in 202BC

China does not want to interact with the west

The orient was supplying Europe with spices,
skills and herbs

Why was the area of interest to the Europeans
(Role of trade/economy)

Portuguese traded spices with Indians and wanted
to trade with the Chinese

China does not want to interact with the west

The orient was supplying Europe with spices,
skills and herbs

Relationship With Europeans (Political, military)

Jiaquing Emperor of China saw foreign traders as a threat

The separate states created the great wall

No European power ever managed to establish a meaningful
trade with chinese (due to there strict relations on foreign affairs)

Life Before Europeans (Social, Religion)

Turks migrated from Asia to the middle east where
they converted to Islam

Believed in a single all powerful god who was
responsible for create the world

In 610 Muhammed claimed to be chosen are and
God's messenger

Muhammed created new religion which emphasized, general
themes such as monotheism, individual accountability and compassion for the poor and the weak

Why was the area of interest to the Europeans
(Role of trade/economy)

The Arabs learned to use canals for trade which connected Yemen, Syria, Mesopotamia and Persia

Islam arose in Arabia which it limited agriculture and forced inhabitants to adopt a nomadic, pastural way of life within socail equality

Relationship With Europeans (Political, military)

The Empire was well organized and resillant

Rapid expansion empire, they were feared by
European boarders

Gunpowder was essential in overcoming local resistance

Life Before Europeans (Social, Religion)

Russians were associated with the Eastern orthodox church

Why was the area of interest to the Europeans
(Role of trade/economy)

Czar peater created a army by conscripting peasants

The Europeans considered russians as savages, because
they acted like Asia

Relationship With Europeans (Political, military)

Russia was at constant war with the Ottoman Empire