Early Modern (1450 - 1750)

Empires Expand

Safavid-Mughal Conflict

Aspiration for Control over Kandahar; Safavid Victory

Songhai Empire - Morocco Conflict

Wanted Control of Trans-Saharan Gold trade; Moroccan Victory

Mughal Empire

Flourished through overseas trade

Traded textiles, spices, tropical foods, & precious stones for gold & silver

Expanded territory & establish highly efficient gov. structure

Constructed architectural marvels & developed many scientific innovations

Ottoman Empire

First to implement gunpowder on a mass scale

Golden Age under Suleiman the Magnificent

Focused on consolidating territories they already ruled

Civilian Bureaucracy becoming stronger

Empires: Administration

Bureaucratic Elites

Ottoman Devshirme

Christian Boys recruited by force to serve the Ottoman Gov. Most Famous Group known as Janissaries

Salaried Samurai

Army of Warriors for the Daimyo. Paid by Shogun to increase loyalty to Shogun.

French Intendants

Administrative officials who served as agents of the king used to reform local/regional financial and judicial systems.

Religious Ideals

Mexica use of Human Sacrifice

Many of the regions, including the Mexica, believed that human sacrifice nourished the gods.

European Notion of Divine Right

Monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving the right to rule from a divine directly from a divine authority, like the monotheistic will of god.

Songhai Promotion of Islam

Islam became an important part of the empire and Askia Muhammad conquered lots of land

Art/Architecture

Qing Imperial Portraits

Promoting ruler as a scholar helped win the scholar bureaucrats & gain the Mandate of Heaven

Incan Sun Temple of Cuzco

The architecture was given special importance and required rich citizens to visit.

Mughal Mausolea & Mosques

The magnificent architecture & achievements showed the power of the rulers; Combined Islamic & Hindu art & architecture

European Places like Versailles

Kept nobles close to the king, making it difficult for them to plot against him

Tax Farming

The state auctioned taxation rights to the highest bidder, who collected the state taxes and made payments in installments, keeping a part of revenue

Empires Belief Systems

Lutheranism

Martin Luther

Objected the sale of indulgences & simony
Challenged the church by nailing 95 Theses to a church door

Calvinism

John Calvin

Elect (predestined to heaven) people run the community
Encouraged to work hard & prosperity
Viewed work ethic as righteous living

Anglicanism

Henry VIII

Wanted a Male heir but only had daughters
Couldn't marry other women
Founded the Church of England

Catholic Reformation

Increased use of Inquisition
Founded the Jesuits
The Council of Trent corrected abuses

Ottoman-Safavid Rivalry

Sunni-Shi'a divide in Islam that emerged grew more intense
Ottoman (Sunni) vs Safavid (Shi'a)
Culminated in Battle of Chaldiran

Technological Innovations

New Ship Innovations

Caravel, Carrack, Fluyt

Technologies

Lateen Sail, Compass, Astronomical Charts

Exploration: Causes & Events

Portugal

Led the way in European Exploration
Prince Henry the Navigator, Bartholomew Diaz, & Vasco Da Gama
Desire Sea Route from Europe to India & China
Economic Benefit through Asia & Africa

Spanish

Had a huge part of Africa (Ghana etc.) and Philippines Conquered
Wanted riches and to find a sea route to China going West.
Increase in Colonization & Overseas Trade

British

Set up trading Ports
Implemented East/West Indian Trade Empire
Sought to escape Religious Persecution
Mercantilism = #1 Reason
New materials gained such as Silver & Gold

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of Plants, Animals, Disease, & Ideas. It was propelled by the discovery of North America by Europeans.

Disease - Smallpox, Measles, etc, The Great Dying,
New Foods: Rice, Wheat, Okra,
Livestock, Sugar: Atlantic Slave Trade, Population Growth

New Foods: Potato, Corn
Increased products
New Health Risks, Medical Advancements
Increased Economy, Greater Wealth

Maritime Empires Established

Ming China

Gave merchants protection against invaders
Emperor able to take full control
They were able to safely trade w/ European Merchants

Tokugawa

Implementation in order to resume ethnic ideas
Confinement of citizens within borders
Economic & Political Advantage for Years
Only traded with Dutch

Merchant Groups

Swahili Arabs, Gujaratis, Omanis, Javanese, Portuguese, Dutch

Maritime Empires
Maintained & Developed

Mercantilism

Economic System to increase a nation's wealth by gov. regulation of all of the nations's commercial interests

Joint-Stock Company

Companies owned by investors who bought stock or shares in them

Trade Rivalries

Muslim-European Rivalry
European Rivalry
Moroccan Conflict w/ Songhai Empire

Cultural Synthesis

Biased Accounts of Aztec History, Spanish Diffusion & Predomination and Creoles (Americans of Spanish Descent

Internal & External Challenges to State Power

Local Resistance Movements

Pueblo Revolts, Fronde, Cossack Revolt, Maratha Conflict with Mughals, Ana Nzinga's Resistance, Metacom's War, Establishment of Maroon Societies, N American Slave resistance

Changing Social Hierarchies

Mughal/Ottoman Policies

Mughal: Ended Jizya Tax, Gave grants of land & money to Hindus and Muslims/
Ottoman: Invited Christians to settle in Istanbul, Jizya was Required

Groups treated differently

Expulsion of Jews from Spain & Portugal, Restrictive Policies against Han Chinese in Qing China, Status of women in different classes in the Ottoman Empire