English grammer

Tenses

Present

Simple present

Applications

Regular actions or events

r

They drive to the office everydayShe doesn't come here often

Facts

r

Water freezes at 0 CWhat does this expression mean?

Future facts usually found in a time table

r

Christmas day falls on a monday this yearThe plane leaves at 5 tomorrow

Thoughts and feelings at the time of speaking

r

They don't ever agree with usDo you understand what I'm trying to say

Present continuouse

Action is taking place at the time of speaking

r

It's raining

Action is true at the present time. but we don't think it will be true in the future

r

Are youn getting enough sleep?He is thinking about leaving his job

The action is at a definete point in the future and is already arranged

r

I'm meeting her at 6.30Isn't he coming to dinner

Present perfect

To look back at the recent past from present

r

I have brocken by watch. So I dont know what time it isThey have cancelednthe meetting

We use just, already or yet to talk about recent past

r

We have already talked about thatHans't she arrived yet

Look back at more distant past

r

They have often talked about it in the pastShe has done this type of projects many times before

We use ever (for questions) and never when se talk about distant past

r

I have never met himHavd you ever been to sri lanka

Present perfect continuouse

Applications

An action which has already finished. but we still can see evidence

r

Kitchen is a mess. who has been ckookingYou look tired. have you been sleeping properly

An action that has not finished

r

I have been learning english for twenty years, but still I'm not very good in english

Can refer to series of actions

r

She has been writing to her regularly for couple of yearsUniversity has been sending students here for a long time to training

Usually used with since, for, for days, all week etc.

r

I have been waiting to do that for ten yearsShe has been working here since 2001

Past

Past simple

Applications

Actions and states completed in the past

r

She came back last fridayI saw her in the streetThey didn't agree to the deal

period of time

r

she lived in tokio for seven yearsThey were in london from monday to thursday

Past continuouse

Applications

Emphasize the continuing process of activity or period of that activity

r

While I was driving home. peter was trying to contact meSorry were you sleepingI was thinking about him last nightIn 1990's few people were using mobiles

Describe background actions when something else happened

r

I was walking in the street when I fell overShe was talking to me on the phone and it suddenly went dead

Past perfect

Applications

To talk about things happened befor a particular point in past

r

She had already told him when I went there.I hadn't known the bad news when I spoke to her

To report what people had said

r

He told me they had already payed the bill

Past perfect continuouse

Look back at a situation in progress

r

It was a good time to invest. Inflation had been falling for several months.We had been thinking about buying a new house. but then we decided to stay here

To say what had been happening befor something else happened

r

It had been snowing for a while before we leftHe was out of breath when he arrived because he had been running

When reporting things said in the past

r

She said she had been trying to call me all dayThey said they had been shopping

Future

Going to

Plan for the future

r

They're going to launch it next month. We're going to have lunch first.

for predictions based on the evidence we see now

r

Look out! That cup is going to fall off.

Will

Future events which we believe are certain

r

The sun will rise over there tomorrow morning. •Next year, I'll be 50.

We add may be probably etc to make the belief less certain

r

I'll probably come back later. •He'll possibly find out when he sees Jenny.

We use with I think I hope

r

I think I'll go to bed now. •I think she'll do well in the job.

At the moment we make a new decision or plan

r

Bye. I'll phone you when I get there. •I'll answer that.

What to use when

Present simple or present continuouse

r

Present simple is used to talk about habits and facts. present continuouse talk about things which are happening how. they are more short termI don't usually have cereals for breakfast but I'm having some this morning because there is nothing else.

Past simple or continuouse

r

Both the past simple and the past continuous refer to completed actions in the past. Most of the time when we are talking about such actions, we use the past simple. This is by far the most common way of talking about the past.I lived there for six yearsOnly use the past continuous when you want to emphasize the continuity of the action.I was thinking about you the other day. When we use these two forms in the same sentence, we use the past continuous to talk about the "background action" and the past simple to talk about the shorter completed action. It was raining hard when we left the building.

Present perfect simple or continuouse

r

Often there is very little difference between the present perfect simple and the present perfect continuous. In many cases, both are equally acceptable.To emphasize the action, we use the continuous form.We've been working really hard for a couple of months. She's been having a hard time.To emphasize the result of the action, we use the simple form.I've made fifteen phone calls this morning. He's written a very good report.When an action is finished and you can see the results, use the continuous form. •The phone bill is enormous. You've been calling your boyfriend in Australia, haven't you? •You're red in the face. Have you been running? When you use the words 'ever' or 'never', use the simple form. •I don't know them. I've never met them. •Have you ever heard anything so strange in your life.

present perfect or past simple

r

The past simple is used to talk about actions in the past that have finished. It talks about 'then' and definitely excludes 'now'. The present perfect simple to look back on actions in the past from the present. It always includes 'now'.We use time expressions like 'yesterday', 'ago', 'last year', 'in 1999' with the past simple. •We spoke to him yesterdayWe use time expressions like are 'ever', 'never', 'since' with the present perfect. •I've never seen so many people here before.

Words

Going to

r

We can replace 'going to go' by 'going'. •I'm going out later. •She's going to the exhibition tomorrow

Will

To talk about future

r

explained in tenses

Events happening at the present

r

The car won't start. •If that's the phone, I'll get it. •Will you have another cup of coffee?When we use 'will' referring to the present, the idea being expressed is usually one of 'showing willingness' or 'will power'My baby won't stop crying. I've tried everything and I'm really exhausted. •I am the boss. You will do as I say.

requests, orders, invitations and offers.

r

Will you give me a hand? •Will you please take a seat?

make promises or threats.

r

I'll do it at once. •I'll phone him back immediately. •I won't forget this.

Habits

r

A cat will always find a warm place to sleep. •My car won't go any faster than this.

for deduction.

r

I expect he'll want us to get on with it. •The phone's ringing. That will be Mark.