GramMatical Topics of B2

Modal verbs

May
Indicates permission, possibility,
or a request for permission.

Might
- Suggests a lower level of
probability than "may."
- Commonly used in uncertain or
speculative statements.

Have to
Indicates necessity, obligation,
or requirement.

Will
Expresses future actions
or predictions.

Would
Expresses past habits, polite requests,
or hypothetical situations.

Ought to
Expresses moral obligation, duty,
or strong recommendation.

Must
Indicates strong necesity or
obligation

Should
Suggest an obligation, advice or expectation

Conditionals

Zero conditional
Expresses general truths or scientific facts

Structure
If + present simple , present simple

Example
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius, it boils.

First conditional
Expresses real possibilities and likely future events.

Structure
If + present simple , will + base form of the verb.

Example
If it rains tomorrow, I will stay home.

Second conditional
Expresses hypothetical or unreal situations in the present or future.

Structure
If + past simple , would + base form of the verb.

Example
If I won the lottery, I would travel the world.

Third conditional
Expresses unreal past situations and their hypothetical outcomes.

Structure
If + past perfect , would have + past participle.

Example
If she had studied harder, she would have passed the exam.

Mixed conditional
Used to express complex or unconventional conditional relationships

Structure
- Second conditional (if clause) , Third conditional (main clause)
- Third conditional (if clause) , Second conditional (main clause)

Example
If she were here, she would have been excited (past unreal result).

Refer to the different ways in which we can express actions or events that will occur in the future.

These grammatical forms allow us to talk about events that will happen after the present moment

Future forms are important for conveying an event that will occur in the future.

Future continous

We use the future continuous for future events that have already been planned or decided.

Examples
We’ll be coming next weekend.
We’ll be leaving at 8 a.m. tomorrow.
Will you be going home this summer?

Future simple

It is used to describe actions that will take place in the future, without the need to specify when.

Examples
It will make you laugh.
I will eat that..
She will climb that mountain

Future perfect

It is used for actions or states that will have ended at a given time in the future.

Examples
By 2050, researchers will have found a cure for cancer.
By this time next year, I’ll have graduated.

Definition
pronoun is a word that you use to refer to someone or something when you do not need to use a noun

Use
It is used often while the person or thing has been mentioned earlier

Examples
the personal pronouns are I, you, he, she, we, they, him, her, he, she, us and them

Definition
Is the beginning of a noun group to indicate

Use
It is use in things you are refering to or whether you are referring to one thing or several

Examples
Determines are: a, the, some, this, and each

These apples are good
Jim is her brother.

Definition
The infinitive is the purest form of a verb, unmarked by tense, person, or number.

Examples
"to read," "to write," "to sing."

Forms of the Infinitive
To + Base Form: The most common form in English. Used in a wide range of contexts.

Examples
"to run," "to dance," "to learn."

Bare Infinitive
Used after modal verbs (can, could, should, etc.) and in certain other cases.

Examples
I can swim," "They must go."

Form
It is generally formed by adding "-ed" to the end of regular verbs.

Use
It is used to describe actions or situations that happened and were completed at a specific moment in the past

Examples
Would + Simple Past
If I had more money, I would have bought a new car.

Past simple
- Is a verb tense used to describe actions or events that happened in the past and are completed.
- In English, it typically involves adding "-ed" to regular verbs

Past continous
is a verb tense used to describe actions or events that were ongoing or in progress at a specific point in the past.

Past perfect
- Is used to establish the sequence of events in the past and to indicate that one event occurred before another.
- It's especially useful when you want to make it clear which of two past events happened first.

Past perfect continous
is used to emphasize the duration and continuity of an action leading up to another point in the past.

Definition
A noun is a word that names something, such as a person, place, thing, or idea

Use
In a sentence, nouns can play the role of subject, direct object, indirect object, subject complement, object complement, appositive, or modifier

Examples
person: man, woman, teacher, John, Mary
place: home, office, town, countryside, America
thing: table, car, banana, money, music, love, dog, monkey

Definition
An article is a word that follows a noun, giving some basic information about that noun

Examples
The articles are: a, an, some and they

I saw a cat out there.
I ate an apple for breakfast.

Definition
Is when we want to give more importance to the
action and not to the person who performed it, we use the passive voice.

Structure
Subject + auxiliary verb (to be) + past participle

Use
The passive voice is often used in formal texts.

Verbs in English that end up in «ing» when we find ourselves in English ending in -ing and do not refer to adjective means that they are a verb