How to Categorize LLS
O’Malley’s (1985)
Metacognitive Strategies
Strategiesinvolve planning for learning, thinking about learning process. Observe & correcting own mistakes, and evaluate after an activity is completed.
Cognitive Strategies
Cognitive strategies are more limited to specific learning tasks and they arelearning more directly with the material itself.
Socioaffective Strategies
This strategy have close relationship with social-mediating activity and interacting with others.
Oxford's (1990)
A. Direct strategies
1.Memory strategies
a. Creating mental linkages
b. Applying images
and sounds
c. Reviewing well
d. Employing action
2. Cognitive strategies
a. Practicing
b. Receiving and sending messages
c. Analyzing and reasoning
d. Creating structure for input and output
3. Compensation strategies
a. Guessing intelligently
b. Overcoming limitations in speaking and writing
B. Indirect strategies
1. Metacognitive strategies
They are strategies which overviewing and linking with material already known, paying
attention, delaying speech production, organizing, setting goals and objectives, planning for a language task, practice opportunities, self-monitoring and self evaluating.
2. Affective strategies
This strategy assist students to
manage their emotions, motivation, and attitudes associated with learning.
3. Social strategies
This strategy is to facilitate language learning through interactions with others. These strategies are divided into three sets, namely as asking questions, cooperating, and empathizing with others.
Rubin’s (1987)
Learning Strategies
1. Cognitive strategies refer to the steps which are taken in learning or problem-solving that are analysis, transformation, or synthesis of learning materials.
2. Metacognitive strategies are used to supervise, control or self-direct language learning.
Communication Strategies
This strategy is to make use of one’s linguistic or communicative knowledge to remain in the
conversation.
Social Strategies
Learners are exposed to the opportunities that can be a great help to practice their knowledge. They are learning indirectly.