LEADING

Maslow's Hierarchy Of Needs

1. Developed by Abraham Maslow

2. Sociology and behavioral psychology

3. Hierarchy of five needs :

i. Pgysiological needs

ii. Safety needs

iii. Social needs

iv. esteem needs

v. Self - actualization needs.

Macgregor's Theories X and Theory Y

THEORY X

Basically negative view. Assumes that workers have little ambition, dislike work, avoid responsibility and require close supervision.

THEORY Y

Basically positive view. Assumes that workers can exercise self-direction, desire responsibility and like to work.

Reinforcement Motivation Theory

Proposed by Harvard psychologist B.F.Skinner.

known as Behaviorism or Operant Conditioning

based on "law of effect"

Can change the direction, level and persistence of an individual's behaviour

Positive reinforcement

giving positive response

Negative reinforcement

avoidance

Extinction reinforcement

implies lowering the probability undesired behaviour by removing reward for that kind of behavioral

Punishment reinforcement

applying undesirable consequence

is the result of an interaction between the person and a situation ; it is not a personal trait

process by which person's efforts are energized, directed and sustained towards attaining a organizational goal.

Energy

Directions

Persistence

Subtopic

Motivation also is the wilingness to achieve organizational objectives.

Motivation works best when individual needs are compatible with organizational goals.

Good motivation practices will help leaders and managers such as:

1. be sensitive to the difference in needs and values among the people you supervise.

2. Increase your employees' expectation that their efforts will lead to effective performance

3. Encourage your subordinates to set perfomance goals that are specific, challenging and attainable.