organ systems
respiratory sytem
parts
mouth and nose
the air enters through them
pharynx
air passes through it
trachea
air goes down it, it is supported by rings of cartilage, special type of connective tissues, that keeps it open and allows the air to flow
bronchi
its the part of the trachea when it splits into to parts
alveoli
tiny sacs of air in the lungs that are surrounded by capillaries, gas exchange happens there
lungs
its the muscle that has the alveoli, its increasing and decreasing volume changes the pressure inside them, in this way fresh air flows into ad out the alveoli
function in the body
exchanges gases between the body and the environment, oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out of it in the process of diffusion
breathing
muscles between the ribs, that move it, and the diaphragm change the lungs volume which changes pressure inside the lung and allows fresh air into and out the alveoli
exhaling
air out of the lungs
diaphragm dome-shaped
muscles relax
volume decreases
inhaling
air into the lungs
diaphragm flattens
muscles contract
volume increases
you can control your breathing but for a short period of time, soon the involuntary system takes over again
it is controlled by parts of the brain that send signals if the carbon dioxide concentration is high in the blood to the diaphragm
the breathing rate increases an heart beats faster which decreases the CO2 in the blood
gas exchange
its the process of gases exchange between the alveoli and the blood stream
after the air is in the alveoli it has to be delivered to all body parts, it has to go to the circulatory system by entering the blood stream
the alveoli has thin walls, so gases diffuse only through to thin walls, alveoli and blood vessel
musculoskeletal system
function in the body
supports the body, protects delicate organs, and moves the body
made up of
muscles
are consisted of many long cells called muscle fibers that contain specialized proteins
these proteins cause muscles contract when signaled by the nerves from the brain
when it contracts, it becomes shorter and thicker
smooth (voluntary)
skeletal (involuntary)
movement
the two ends of the muscle are attached into two different bones by tendons
when muscles contract they exert a force and pull on or both the bones its attached to
they work in opposite pairs, muscles can pull but not push
skeleton
bones
are hard and dense, have canals inside them that contain nerves and blood vessels
ligaents
are tough and elastic, hold bones together
cartilage
dense connective tissues, made of special cells
provides a strong, flexible and low-friction support for bones
nervous system
function in the body
senses the environment and carries messages of the appropriate response
communication and coordination of the body activities
made up of
nerves
made up of neurons, it sends information around the body by conducting electrical signals from one area to another
central nervous system
its supported by bones to protect it
brain
protected by the skull
surrounded by fluids, it helps protect from injury, transport chemicals and removes wastes produced
spinal cord
protected by the spine
peripheral nervous system
nerves that carry signals between the central one and the rest of the body
nerves that control the involuntary function
nerves that carry information from the sensory organs to the brain
nerves that control the voluntary muscles
are ended by sensory reseptors
it receives input from environment and sends it through the nerves to the brain.
digestive system
function in the body
is the organ system that takes food in, digests it and gets rid of the remaining wastes
made up of
the digestive tract
mouth
starts the process of breaking food
mechanically
with the teeth and tongue
chemically
with enzymes (saliva ) that break down the particles of food, which are made by epithelial tissues lining the mouth
esophagus
food is then swallowed to it, it connects the mouth to your stomach
it's made up of smooth muscle tissues, which are controlled by nerve tissues
contract and relax to move food down to the stomach
stomach
it holds food and churns it by
enzymes produced by tissues lining it
smooth muscle tissues that contract to mix the contents
nerves that signal when we have enough food
intestine
its parts
small intestine
6 m long and narrow
most digestion occurs
then nutrients diffuse through its wall to the blood stream to be delivered to the cells
large intestine
1.5 m long and larger in diameter than small intestine
its lining absorbs water from indigestible food
its the part of the digestive tract that's between stomach and anus
its liningcells, goblet cells, produces mucus
has many blood vessels
contains smooth muscles
anus
its the end of the tract. From there, the remaining solid matter is secreted as feces
the accesory organs
they help in the digestion process by supplying digestive enzymes
liver
produces bile, which is delivered into the digestive tract, where it helps in digesting fats in food
pancreas
produces insulin, which helps regulate the concentration of glucose in blood
circulatory system
function in the body
move nutrients and gases to the cells
carry away wastes through the blood streams
regulate body temperature and transport white-blood cells to disease areas
transports enzymes to the kidney
parts
heart
made up of
cardiac muscle tissues
they all contract, at the same time in each part of the heart, moving the blood around
nerve tissues
covered by a smooth layer of epithelial tissues from outer and inner surface of the heart
inner : to help the blood flow freely
outer: reduces damage caused by friction when the lungs expand
connective tissues
pumps the blood to the blood vessels
blood vessels
arteries
thick walls because it is pumped from the heart with high pressure
veins
walls are not as thick because it takes blood to the heart, low pressure level
capillaries
exchanges gases, wastes and nutrients between the blood and body tissues
blood
type of connective tissues that circulates throughout the body and consists of
red blood cells
contains hemoglobin which makes it look red and allows them transport oxygen
make up half of the blood's volume
plasma
make up half of the blood's volume
protein-rich liquid that carries the blood cells along
white blood cells
make less than 1% of the blood's volume
they recognize and destroy invading bacteria
platelets
make less than 1% of the blood's volume
they help the blood clotting