The Hierarchy of Organization in the Human body: Cells to Tissues to Organ Systems
The Digestive System
chemically and mechanically break down food
to gain nutrient molecules
the body's cells can use from absorption
the organs of the digestive system
The mouth
is where mechanical digestion starts by the chewing and biting from the teeth
saliva is released from the salivary glands, moistening food and helping bite and break down food
The esophagus
is where broken down food gets taken down towards the stomach
Peristalsis which is a series of muscle contractions that bring down the food
The Stomach
food starts to get chemically broken down
Hydrochloric acid and pepsin acidly burn down food
Hydrochloric acid is released from parietal cells
Pepsin is released from chief cells
The Intestines
taking broken down food and absorbing it for nutrients and solidifying its waste
Large intestine
reabsorbs water, salts,
and vitamins back into bloodstream
When the capillaries pick up the nutrients and deliver into the blood stream
small intestine
Absorbs nutrients from food
has 2 section
it reaches the duodenum
Bile is released from the gallbladder
enzymes are released from the pancreases
Villi in the duodenum absorb water at nutrients
vile is small hair-like things that line the inside of the small intestine
Fatty acids absorbed get picked up by the lymphatic vessels
Is the jejunum
also where villi pick up remaining nutrients
Ileum is a muscle tissue which pushes undigested foods remains into the large intestine
The intestines
The anus/rectum
remaining food waste is compacted and released
poop/stool
Chemical: the breaking down of food by acids and enzymes
the hydrochloric acid in the stomach and intestines
Mechanical: literally breaking down food by chewing, biting, etc.
Digestive system
The Circulatory System
To move around nutrients and oxygen
cells and tissues
The organs of the circulatory system
Blood
Composed
Red Blood Cells
To carry oxygens to cells
White Blood Cells
Protect our bodies from bacteria which bring illnesses and disease
Bone Marrow
turn from general cells into specialized cells (WBC's)
Plasma
Transports blood cells and Co2 out
55% of the content of blood
90% water and other 10% is salt and enzymes
Platelets
Create blood clots
helps in stopping bleeding and heal injuries
Created in bone marrow where general cells become specialized into Platelets
Composition of blood
The Heart
is a organ made up from grouping of tissues: cardiac muscle tissue,
nerve tissue, and connective tissue.
Pumping blood to ensure blood is circulating around the body
The Heart is divided into 4 Chambers
Left Atrium
Receives oxygenated blood
from the lungs
pumps blood into left ventricle
Left Ventricle
Pumps oxygenated blood
to aorta
Carries oxygenated blood
to all organs in the body
Right Ventricle
Pumps blood deoxygenated
into the pulmonary artery
Pulmonary artery pumps
blood to lungs
Right Atrium
Receiveas blood from the superior vena cava
pumps blood into the right ventricle
The superior Vena Cava brings deoxygenated blood back from the upper boyd and head
Inferior Vena Cava brings deoxygenated blood back from the lower body
Heart
Cardiac muscle tissue is responsible for making each part of the heart contract at the same time
The Nerve tissue is responsible for the actual contraction of the heart
The connective tissue gives the heart structure and unity
Vessels
a large network of tubing which carries blood around the body
Divided into 3 groups
Capillaries
Connect veins and arteries together through tissue
for waste product to be taken away from tissues
where oxygen and nutrients are exchanged for carbon dioxide and waste
Made of a single tissue called endothelium making it very thin
Arteries
are responsible for carrying blood away from the heart
the high pressure of blood being carried away from the heart
Are thicker than the walls of other blood vessels to withstand those pressures
These vessels are made up of 3 tissues
Connective tissue
Smooth muscle
Endothelium
Artery
Veins
are responsible for carrying blood back
towards the heart
These vessels don't carry high pressure blood
they are not as thick as arteries
These vessels are made up of tissues similar to arteries
Connective tissue
Smooth muscle
Endothelium
Valve
are tissues in vessels which control blood flow and keep your blood flowing in one direction
The Respiratory System
For providing the body with the oxygen necessary to operate
removing the carbon dioxide
produced as your body uses energy for growth, repair, and movement
The organs of the respiratory system
The Nasal cavity
Cilia
hair follicles in your nose wich cathc onto debris coming into the nose
the space in the nose above where the nose and mouth connect
responsible for filtering air, and moistening it before it enters the lungs
where specialized cells reside which is why we are able to smell
olfactory sensory neurons
The Pharynx
The Throat
this is the path which takes air into lungs and food into the digestive system
Epiglottis
a flap of muscle tissue that covers the trachea
swallowing so that food does not enter the lungs
Trachea
The windpipe
Carries air to the bronchi
epithelium tissue
cilia cells, goblet cells, and basal cells
The bronchi
small tubes originating from the windpipes, that carry air into each lung
Bronchioles
carry air to alveoli
Alveoli
are a cluster of air sacs
surrounded by capillaries
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide gas by diffusion
Capillaries are surrounding those alveoli sacs to help get oxygen into bloodline
oxygen attaches to hemoglobin which is a protein in blood
thin tissue lining so it can diffuse quickly and more efficiently
the diaphragm
allowing us to inhale and exhale
being the muscle responsible for contraction
just below the lungs
Muscle and fibrous tissue
The lungs
move fresh air into the body while also removing waste gases
spongy tissue
Order of respiratory system