U.S & World War I

George Creel heads the CPI

created propaganda to influence opinions

made Americans support the war effort

made Americans anti-German everything

created a stigma around American Germans

German language stopped being taught

changed sauerkraut to be "liberty cabagge"

some violence and discrimination resulted

punished people for aiding the enemy or refusing military duty

1917

illegal for Americans to criticize government, flag, or military

over 1,000 people jailed over these laws

many citizens believed this violated the 1st amendment

Schenk printed and distributed over 15,000 leaflets opposing government war policies

Argued the conviction as a violation of constitutional rights to free speech

Supreme Court upheld Schenck's conviction

widespread fear of Bolshevism and anarchism

because of Russian Revolution

Bolsheviks rebelled against territory within their own country

men between the ages of 21 and 30 to register to be drafted into the armed forces

Many men volunteered

Some men wanted to be conscientious objectors

These men faced prison when their requests were rejected

May 18,1917

Congress passed

Not prepared

soldiers slept in tents

supplies were not readily available

Intense

soldiers spent days learning military rules and practices

practiced with wooden sticks

pretended to ride wooden barrels

African Americans soldiers were segregated into divisions and trained in separate camps

only a few black men were trained for combat with guns

Latinos assigned menial tasks instead of combat

serve overseas as switchboard operators

kept communications open between front lines and headquarters of the army

nurses

navy or marines

bookkeepers or typists

Battle of Belleau Wood

8,000 causualties

America's bloodiest battle

June 1918

Second Battle of the Marne

July 15,1918

U.S blew up every bridge the Germans had built across the Marne

Germans retreated on August 3

suffered around 150,000 casualties

very high taxes and taxed the wealthiest Americans as much as 77% of annual income

increased federal revenues by 400 percent within two years

a loan from American people to federal government

government needed to borrow money from civilians to pay for the war

sparked national debt to increase

more than $20 billion of U.S debt was owed to Americans

led by Bernard Baruch

Wall Street businessman

authority to regulate all materials needed in the war effort

increased American industrial production by about 20 percent

military first, then civilians

led by Herbert Hoover

"Food Can Win the War"

"meatless Mondays"

"Wheatless Wednesdays"

increase the production of crops and conserve existing food supplies for the military and Allies

prohibition on alcohol

18th Amendment

banning the "manufacture, sale, or transportation" of alcohol in the U.S

1919

make sure the military needs for fuel could always be met

Harry Garfield was leader

introduced daylight savings time

extend daylight hours for those who worked long shifts in the factories

"gasless Sundays"

"heatless Mondays"

1918

kept disruptions to a minimum

judged disputes between workers and management

about 1,200 cases resolved, including 700,000 workers

set policies that improved working conditions

8 hour work day

suported labor unions

equal pay for women

took on traditional men jobs during war

built railroads

docks

factories

built ships and airplanes

took on traditional women jobs

teachers

nurses

volunteer positions to help sell bonds

about 1 million women entered the workforce during WWI

many left jobs after war ended

1916-1970

African Americans moved from rural South to Northern cities

over 6 million