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G. Temp and Development (how genes and environment interact)

Transactions

Sameroff: Transactions

influnencing behaviour of caregivers

Goodness of fit

Isabella: caregiver personality not corr with child attachment but interaction is.

Direct effects

self-selection of environments

Dunn & Kendrick

More stressed on arrival of sibling

Keogh: in School

Factors like attention or impulisivity

Scarr's PA 3 interations

evocative: child evokes response

active: self selection

passive: sharing char.

F. 4 Termp Theories

Dunn&Kendrick: jealousy

Importance of environment

siblings reaction to newborn not only related to temperament but quality and stability of interaction.

Bus and Plomin's EAS

EAS framwork

Emotinality/ Activiy / Sociability

Links well with Eysencks: EPI

Extroversion

Neuroticism

factor analysis

Kagen's inhibited child

Kagen found a type that shows strong behavioral inhibition i.e. to new things

change possible with concious effort

links this to arrousal level in the limbic system

75% stabilty

Linked with later problem behaviour

Thomas&Chess'9

But

Vaughan's Uterus

Mothers formed a view before child was born: Ratings of temperament related to mothers personality and attitudes on child rearing

Pauli&Potts: emotionality at 4 p

erceptios of emotionality at 4m predict measurement at 8

Bates& Bales: Mother problems

link of problem behav reported by mom at 2y with later 3-6y

Also 3 Types

easy child

slow to warm up

difficult child(increased risk of later behvour problems)

approach

rhythmicality

adaptabilty

mood

9 Dimesions

But: Some factors possibly overlapping

i.e distractibilty and attention span

E. Methods

face to face Interviews

social desirealbilty or problems with understanding

potentially more accurate

parental observations

But: Hagekull: Good corrlation between partents reporst and direct observation

good acces but biased

D. How stable is it

Long Term: clear relationship

Caspi et al: 1000 3y

cat in 5 Types

26

close friend

MPQ

self

Short Term: high stability

Hinde & Tobin

4 y

assessment at home and in play group

Gender: behvioural differneces

Shy

G. Less hostile w. peers

G: better rel. w. mother

"coherence of termperament" across contexts

Plomin: Colorado Adoption Project

But: based on parental ratings (sim to previous)

less stability

high stability from 1-4

emotionality

C. What'sthe cause?

MAOA(m) re-uptake

Caspi et al

Seronotine transporter: aggressive only with kids who been in abusive environment.

7r Dopamine Receptors

Schmidt's: Older Kids

Problem with attention, risk taking and aggressive behaviour

Auerbach: General:

Dopamine receptor assotiated with temperamental differnces

Genetic origin

Buss& Plomins: Minnesota Twins correlation

But: MZ often similar environm.

activity

sociability

B. What and when ?

variation accross time

continuity

similar characteristics accross time

stabilty

same behaviour over days or weeks

Important temperamental differences and time of emergence (contrad. to def)

But: Other genetic factors like intelligence also only experess themselves later

very late

effortful Control (i.e. Rothbart)

inhibition to persue a goal

very early

Inhibition (s. Kagan)

Agreement on 3 broad categories

Motor activity

attentional

emotional

A. Introduction

Temperament

Def.

(TempoSition) Disposition to act in particular ways accross time and situation not regarding the influence of cognition. Tought to be inherited.

Personality theories

Trait

Costa McCrae

Big 5

Eysencks EPI

people vary on certain dimesions

Type

MBTI

the four humours

People are qualitativly differnt