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ENGLISH TENSES
The present simple tense in English is used for frequent actions, timetables, descriptions, and instructions. Key adverbs such as always, usually, and never are commonly used to indicate frequency.
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Will/Won't+subject+be+present participle Ex.: Will they be staying?
Subject+won't be+present participle Ex.: She won't be staying.
Subject+simple future of the verb 'to be'++present participle Ex. I will be staying.
-Time expressions of future: This time, next week... -Prediction expressions: I expect, I guess... -Still
The future continuous refers to an unfinished action or event that will be in progress at a time later than now. The future continuous is used for quite a few different purposes.
1) The future continuous can be used to project ourselves into the future. EXAMPLES -This time next week I will be sun-bathing in Bali. -By Christmas I will be skiing like a pro. -Just think, next Monday you will be working in your new job.
2)The future continuous can be used for predicting or guessing about future events. EXAMPLES -He'll be coming to the meeting, I expect. -I guess you'll be feeling thirsty after working in the sun. -You'll be missing the sunshine once you're back in England.
3)In the interrogative form, the future continuous can be used to ask politely for information about the future. EXAMPLES -Will you be bringing your friend to the pub tonight? -Will Jim be coming with us? -Will she be going to the party tonight? -Will I be sleeping in this room?
4)The future continuous can be used to refer to continuous events that we expect to happen in the future. EXAMPLES -I'll be seeing Jim at the conference next week. -When he is in Australia he will be staying with friends. -I'll be eating with Jane this evening so I can tell her.
5)When combined with still, the future continuous refers to events that are already happening now and that we expect to continue some time into the future. EXAMPLES -In an hour I'll still be ironing my clothes. -Tomorrow he'll still be suffering from his cold. -Next year will she still be wearing a size six? -Won't stock prices still be falling in the morning? -Unfortunately, sea levels will still be rising in 20 years.
Will+Subject+have+past participle? Ex.: Will we have arrived?
Subject+ won't have+ past participle Ex.: He won't have arrived
Subject+ will have+ past participle of the main verb Ex.: You will have arrived.
TIME EXPRESSIONS For, by the time, by this time, by (an hour)...
The future perfect tense refers to a completed action in the future. When we use this tense we are projecting ourselves forward into the future and looking back at an action that will be completed some time later than now. It is most often used with a time expression.
EXAMPLES: -I will have been here for six months on June 23rd. -By the time you read this I will have left. -You will have finished your report by this time next week. -Won't they have arrived by 5:00? -Will you have eaten when I pick you up?
Will/Shall+subject+infinitive Ex. Will you go?
Shall is only used for future time reference with I and we, and is more formal than will.
Subject+won't+infinitive Ex. I won't go.
Subject+will+infinitive I will go.
Never (again), in (a lot of) years... Tomorrow, next (month)... Ex. I will never smoke again.
-General predictions (based on no evidence) Ex: I think it will rain next week.
-Decisions made at the time of speaking Ex. I'll take a tea please.
-Promises Ex. I will love you forever.
-Offers/refusals: Ex. Shall I open the door?
Am/Are/Is+Subject+going to+infinitive Ex. Is it going to rain?
Subject+am/is/are+not+going to+infinitive Ex. She is not going to play.
Subject+am/is/are+going to+infinitive Ex. I am going to see it.
Tomorrow, next week, next month, etc
-Predictions (you can see the evidence) Ex. I haven't studied for my exam. I am going to fail.
-General future intentions (not arrenged) Ex. I am going to study at university.
-Decisions already made Ex. I am going to leave my studies.
-Timetables: Ex. The plane arrives at 7pm.
Subtopic
-To describe an action or event in the future, which has already been planned or prepared (personal arrangements): Ex. We're going on holiday tomorrow. Ex. I'm meeting my boyfriend tonight.
To be+subject+vb(-ing)+? Ex. Is he playing tennis?
Subject+to be (am/are/is)+vb(-ing) Ex. I´m shouting.
Now, at the moment, tonight, this (...), always, forever, constantly...
-To describe an action that is going on at this moment: Ex.:You are using the Internet.
-To describe an action that is going on during this period of time or a trend: Ex.: More and more people are becoming vegetarian.
-To describe a temporary event or situation Ex.:He usually plays the drums, but he's playing the piano tonight.
-With "always, forever, constantly", to describe and emphasise a continuing series of repeated actions: Ex.: My sister is always complaining!
VERBS THAT ARE NOT USUALLY USED IN THE CONTINUOUS FORM
Mental states
Ex.: To imagine
Others
-to look (=resemble) -to seem -to be (in most cases) -to have(when it means "to possess")
Measurement
Ex.: To weight
Desires
Ex.: to love
Opinion
Ex.: to consider
Senses, perception
Ex.: to smell
Do/does+subject+infinitive+? Ex. Do you read everyday?
Subject+don't/doesn't+infinitive Ex. I don't read everyday.
Subject+infinitive(s) Ex. I sometimes read.
NOTES ON THE SIMPLE PRESENT, THIRD PERSON SINGULAR 1.In the third person singular the verb always ends in -s: Ex. he wants, she needs, he gives, she thinks. 2.Verbs ending in -y : the third person changes the -y to -ies: fly --> flies, cry --> cries Exception: if there is a vowel before the -y: play --> plays, pray --> prays 3.Add -es to verbs ending in:-ss, -x, -sh, -ch: Ex.:he passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes
Adverbs of frequenty: Always, every day, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, hardly ever, seldom, never… Once a (month, week...), twice, (three) times...
-Frequent actions Ex. I usually go running.
-Timetables Ex. The train arrives at 5.
-Descriptions/statements Ex. She is pretty.
-Instructions: Ex. Do it!
Has/have+subject+past participle
Ever, yet
Subject+hasn't/haven't+past participle
Ever (middle), yet (end), still (after subject)
Subject+has/have+past participle. Ex. I have been to Australia.
WORDS
Never,already (middle)
Still, just, since/for, ever/never, already, yet...
SINCE: A point in the past Ex.: I have lived here since 2015
FOR: A period of time Ex. : I have lived here for 2 years.
-Indicated in the past and continuing in the present. Ex. : I have lived in Madrid since 2008.
-Taken over a period of the time not yet completed. Ex: It has rained a lot this year.
-A repeatedd action between past and present. Ex.: We have visited France several times.
-An action that has concluded in a very recent past by JUST. Ex.: I have just finished my homework.
-The precise moment is not important (only the action) Ex.: She has read War and Peace.
-To talk about life experiencies. Ex.: I have been to Amsterdam.
Was/Were+subject+verb(-ing) What were you doing?
Subject+wasn't/weren't+verb(-ing) I wasn´t swimming.
Subject+was/were+verb(-ing) Ex. I was running.
While, as, when, yesterday at (exactly hour).
-To describe the background in a story written in the past tense. Ex. "The sun was shining and the birds were singing".
-To describe an unfinished action that was interrupted by another event or action, Ex. "I was having a beautiful dream when the alarm clock rang."
-To express a change of mind: Ex. "I was going to spend the day at the beach but I've decided to get my homework done instead."
-With 'wonder', to make a very polite request: Ex. "I was wondering if you could baby-sit for me tonight."
-To say what were you doing in the past in a exactly moment. Ex. Yesterday at 5 I was reading.
Did+ subject+ infinitive+? Ex. Did she arrive?
Subject+ did not+ infinitive Ex. I did not go to her house.
Subject+ verb(-ed)/irregular Ex. I went to her house and I played with her.
-Last (year, Monday...), yesterday, days, years ago -Adverbs of frequency
-When we did an action in the past and it is finished. Ex.: I played football last year.
-An indefinite point in time. Ex.: A long time ago People lived in caves.
Frecency: Ex.: I often brought my lunch to school.
Had+Subject+past participle+? Had you gone?
Subject+hadn't+past participle Ex. I hadn't run.
Subject+had+past participle Ex. I had arrived.
-PP+When+PS John had gone out when I arrived in the office. -PP+Before+PS I had saved my document before the computer crashed. -PS+PP(Already) When they arrived we had already started cooking. -PS+because+PP He was very tired because he hadn't slept well. -PP + Just: 'Just' is used with the past perfect to refer to an event that was only a short time earlier than before now Ex. The train had just left when I arrived at the station.
The past perfect refers to a time earlier than before now. It is used to make it clear that one event happened before another in the past. It does not matter which event is mentioned first - the tense makes it clear which one happened first.
