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LEXICAL RELATIONS

The text delves into various lexical relations important in linguistics, each illustrating a unique way in which words relate to each other or their meanings. Polysemy is highlighted as a phenomenon where a single word has multiple meanings, while homophones are words that sound alike but have different meanings.

LEXICAL RELATIONS

LEXICAL RELATIONS

The first division between continents was made by ancient Greek navigators, who named them 'landmass, terra firma'.

Generally classified by convention rather than any strict criteria, nowadays seven regions are regarded as continents from a geopolitical point of view.

Homophones

too/two
Answer
Forms with same pronunciation,but different meaning

Word play

Humorous effect.
Here lie the bones of one 'Bun' He was killed with a gun. His name was not 'Bun' but 'Wood'

Polysemy

You can find on this continent:

futbol
related by extension

The world's highest uninterrupted waterfall can be found here.

Write down its name, height and the country in which you can find it.

one form has multiple meanings

There are 12 countries that make up South America.

Name as many of you can! Don't forget about their capitals.

Collocation

North America has five time zones and it is the only continent with every type of climate.

North America was named after the explorer Amerigo Vespucci and is also known as the 'New World'.

The world's largest sugar exporter among the seven continents - Cuba - also called the 'sugar bowl of the world' is located here.

do homework
hang out together

The world's largest freshwater lake by surface area and the third-largest freshwater lake by volume can be found here. It provides a route for the transportation of iron ore, as well as grain and other mined and manufactured materials.

Large cargo vessels called lake freighters, as well as smaller ocean-going freighters, transport these commodities across this lake.

Name this lake.

Lake type
group of two or more forms

There are 23 countries that make up North America.

Name as many of you can! Don't forget about their capitals.

Metonymy

Antarctica is not only the coldest place on Earth but also the highest, driest, windiest and emptiest, completely covered with ice.

75% of the world's ice and 70% of the Earth's fresh water is located here.

Summer months of December to February give 24 hours of light, while the winter months of late March to late September are pitch dark the whole day.

There are no permanent inhabitants, except for scientists maintaining research stations in Antarctica.

Ex. head

The coldest natural temperature ever recorded on Earth was recorded here.

Write it down.

type of relationship

Write down the temperatures of the Frozen Continent during the summer and the winter.

and in everyday experience
based on similarity.

Prototypes

Australia is the world's smallest continent and is also known as an 'island continent' as it is surrounded by water on all sides.
It includes 14 countries and it is the least populated continent.

Its name comes from the Latin word 'australis' meaning 'southern' because it lies entirely on the south of the equator.

automobile
The characteristic instance

Out of 14, how many countries you can name?

How about these countries' capitals?

Fiji - Suva

Homonyms

pupil (at school) –pupil(in the eye)
Spell and sound similar but different meanings.

Hyponymy

Of the seven continents of the world, Africa is the second largest.

Africa comprises 54 countries and it is the hottest continent.

The equator passes through the middle of Africa and it receives direct sunlight throughout the year.

The world gets 66% of its chocolate, 50% of the gold and 95% of the diamonds from Africa.

animal/cat

The world's longest river can be found here, famed for its ancient history and the archaeological sites along its shores.
This river gave rise to the early Egyptian civilization.

Name this river and add its length.

Length
hierarchical relationship

Out of 54, how many countries you can name?

How about these countries' capitals?

Morocco - Rabat

Antonymy

Europe is separated from Asia by the Ural mountains and the Caspian Sea.

It is surrounded by water on three sides: Mediterranean Sea in the south, Atlantic Ocean in the west, and the Arctic Ocean in the north.

Three-fourth of the world's potatoes grow in Europe.

non-gradable

Europe has many exceptional animals, birds, and reptiles with unique methods of staying and hunting.

Name at least 4 of them.

married/single
gradable’

Europe is a large region, with several major rivers that connect its many countries. There are five primary rivers in Europe, and one of them flows through 10 countries, more than any other river in the world.

Name these rivers.

old /new
opposite meanings

Europe is one of the smallest continents, yet it is home to some of the largest mountain ranges.

About 20% of the total landmass of the continent is considered mountainous.

Name the 5 longest mountain ranges in Europe.

Two forms

The most beautiful cities in the world can be found in Europe. History, architecture, arts, and famous cuisine is representative almost to each country.

Out of 51 countries how many you can name?
And how many capitals?

Czech Republic - Prague

Synonymy

Asia is the world's largest continent of the seven continents in size, as it covers one-third of the earth's surface.

It includes 50 countries, and it is the most populated continent, 60% of the total population of the Earth lives here.

Funny: humorous, comical

The only man-made structure that can be seen from space is located here.

Name this construction and add other facts about it.

Facts
Closely related meanings

Asia houses the highest point on earth.
Name this summit and write down how tall it is.

Height
Name
Two or more words

Name as many as you can out of the 48 countries located in Asia.

Write down the capitals too.

Country