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Physics

Eye

Cornea

Protects structures inside eye.

Iris

Muscles in the iris control the pupil

Pupil

Lets light into the eye.

lens

Inside the eye, there is a convex lens

Mirrors

Curved mirror/lens

Convex mirror/lens

Diverging mirror

Concave mirror/lens

Converging mirror

Plane mirrors

SALT

Size

Attitude

Location

Type

Diffuse reflection

The reflection of light off a rough surface

Regular deflection

The reflection of light off a smooth surface

Light

Colour mixing (RGB)

-Addictive colour model

-Primary colours

Blue

Green

Secondary colours (CMY)

(Can't connect to 'Red', 'Green', and 'Blue' at the same time)

Yellow

Red + Green

Magenta

Red + Blue

Cyan

Green + Blue

Red

Optics

Light: A wave of energy that travels in different lines which illuminates things.

Opaque

No light passes through.

Translucent

Some light passes through.

Transparent

All light passes through.

Electromagnetic spectrum

Gamma rays

X Rays

Ultraviolet

Visible light

-Red

-Orange

-Yellow

-Green

-Blue

-Indigo

-Violet

Infrared

Microwaves

Radio waves

Climate

Climate change

Greenhouse gases

Natural greenhouse effect

-Natural gas leaks

Atmosphere

The atmosphere traps the sun's heat and other greenhouse gases.

Hydrosphere

Transfers water and heat throughout the atmosphere in the form of water vapor and precipitation.

Biosphere

Traps heat

Albedo effect

The lighter the surface, the higher the Albedo increases, more sunlight is reflected out to space.

Anthropogenic greenhouse gases

Human activity which causes additional emissions of greenhouse gasses.

Nitrous oxide

-Fertilizer

-Gas

-Fossil fuels

Methane

-Coal mining

Carbon dioxide

-Deforestation

-Gas

-Fossil fuels

Mitigation

Avoiding and reducing emissions of heat.

Adaption

Adjusting lifestyles and activities to our changing climate.

IPCC

Intergovernmental

Panel on

Climate

Change

Sustainable farming

+ Healthy diets

Circular economies

Clean energy generation

Incomplete

Fuel + Oxygen --> Carbon dioxide + Water + carbon Monoxide + Carbon (Soot)

Complete

Fuel + Oxygen --> Carbon dioxide + Water

Chemistry

Reactions

Double displacement

Single displacement

Decomposition

Synthesis

Acids and Bases

Neutralization Reaction

A chemical reaction between an acid and a base that produces water and salt

Bases

-Bitter

-Corrosive

-Dissolves in water

-Conducts electricity

-Contains metals

-Produces hydroxide ions when dissolved in water

Metal + Oxygen --> Metal oxide

Metal oxide + Water --> Base

Acids

-Sour

-Corrosive

-Dissolves in water

-Conducts electricity

-Contains non-metals

-Produces hydrogen ions when dissolved in water

Non-metal + Oxygen --> Non-metal oxide

Non-metal oxide + Water --> Acid

Citric

H₃C₆H₅O₇

-Sour fruit

-Sour candies

Hydrochloric

HCL

-Stomach acid

Acetic

HCH₃COO

-Vinegar (Weak)

-Cleaning product (Strong)

Sulfuric

H₂SO₄

-Batteries

Carbonic

H₂CO₃

-Carbonation (Coke, AHA, etc.)

Atom

Ion

Formed when two or more different non-metals combine.

Polyatomic ion

ADD THINGS

Anion

-Negatively charged ion

-Non-metal

Cation

-Positively charged ion

-Metal

Electron

-Negative charge

-Mass of 0

Neutron

-Neutral

-Mass of 1

Proton

-Positive charge

-Mass of 1

Properties of matter

Property: A characteristic that can be used to describe or identify a substance.

Changes of matter

Chemical change

Physical change

Chemical property

Reaction to acids and bases

Combustion

Corrosion

Quantitative

(Number)

Density

Boiling point

Melting point

Qualitative

(Physical)

Solubility

Clarity

Texture

Smooth or rough

Luster

Shiny or dull

Subtopic

Colour

State

Solid, liquid, gas

Matter

Mixtures

Homogeneous mixtures

Solutions

Heterogeneous mixtures

Sustentions

Mechanical mixtures

Pure substance

Elements

Compounds

Molecular compounds

Ionic compounds

-Simple binary

-Multivalent metals

-Polyatomic ions

Biology

Microscope

Base

Arm

Stage

Supports the slide for observation

Stage clips

Holds the slide in position on the stage

Eyepiece

10X Magnification

Objective lenses

Low power lens

4X Magnification

Medium lens

High power lens

40X Magnification

Plant systems

Plant cells

(Also includes all animal cells)

Cell wall

Provides support and strengthens the cell. Also gives the cell its shape.

Chloroplast

Allows plants to capture the energy of the sun in energy-rich molecules.

Photosynthesis

Root and Shoot

Vascular tissue

Transports substances from the roots to the leaves.

Ground tissue

Stem: Provides strength and support.

Roots: Stores food and water

Leaves: Where photosynthesis occurs

Epidermal tissue

Forms the protective outer covering.

Meristematic tissue

-Responsible for growing new parts of the plant.

-Unspecialized tissue capable of dividing by Mitosis

Human organ systems

Animal cells

Organelles

Cell parts

Vacuole

Animal: Helps squeeze out waste products.

Plant: Is bigger and helps maintain shape.

Lysosome

Breaks down food, waste, and other materials.

Golgi bodies

Packages useful materials and sends them outside the cell.

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, creates ATP/energy.

Ribosomes

Makes protein.

Endoplasmic reticulum

Transports materials throughout the cell.

Cytoplasm

Supports the cell and organelles.

Nucleolus

Creates ribosomes.

Chromatin

DNA stores the instructions for the cell's jobs.

Nuclear membrane

Separates the inside of the nucleus from the rest of the cell.

Nucleus

Acts like a container. It holds the DNA and the nucleolus inside

Cell membrane

Regulates the transportation of materials entering and exiting the cell.

Mitosis

Cell cycle

Interphase

-Repair

-Cell activity

-Preparing for mitosis

Prophase

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes

Metaphase

The chromosomes line up in the middle

Anaphase

The chromosomes split apart

Telephase

The chromosomes go to the opposite ends of the cell (Creating two sister cells)

Cytokinesis

The cytoplasm pinches and splits.

Cellular respiration

Glucose + Oxygen = ATP + Water + Carbon dioxide

ATP

Apoptosis

Cell death.

Tumor

(Apoptosis failure)

Benign

Not cancerous.

Malignant

Cancerous.

Cancer

Cancer cells are 'immortal' because they never stop dividing. A normal cell will undergo apoptosis if it is damaged genetically, whereas a cancer cell will continue to divide.

Immunotherapy

Treatment that uses a person's own immune system to fight cancer

Surgery

Physically removing the cancerous tumor

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that uses powerful chemicals to kill fast-growing cells.

Radiation therapy

Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors.

Circulatory system

Blood

Connective tissue

Heart

Muscular tissue

Arteries

Veins

Capillaries

Respiratory system

Trachea

Once the oxygen has passed into the nose or mouth, it enters the windpipe or trachea.

Lungs

Bronchi

The trachea branches into the right and left bronchus, which are tubes designed to carry air into the lungs.

Bronchioles

The bronchi branch further into many tinier tubes.

Aveoli

O₂ and CO₂ are exchanged with the blood.

Digestive system

Mouth/teeth/saliva

throat

Stomach

Tissues

Muscular

Muscular tissue to churn food in stomach.

Epithelial

Protective outer layer of stomach.

Small intestine

Villi

Villi are tiny ripples in the small intestine, increasing surface area to absorb more nutrients.

Micro villi

Micro villi are very tiny ripples in the small intestine, further increasing surface area to absorb more nutrients.

Large intestine