Theories for Developing Online Learning Content (Murray)
Dual-Coding
Information is processed in different parts of the brain. (Paivio)
Cognitive Psychology-Processing of information
Information Processing
Constructivist
Promote higher level learning and social presence
Make learning meaningful
Give learners time to reflect
Learners should control learning process
Encourage collaborative and cooperative learning
Learners should construct their own knowledge
Learning should be active
Transformative learning-Reflectively transforming beliefs, attitudes, opinions, emotional reactions.
Interacting context:
Situation encountered during learning process
Self image of learner
Process in which learning occurs
Conditions of communication
Frame of reference for learning
Personal reality learning through observatino, processing, and interpretation.
Knowledge Construction
Active Discovery
Situated Learning
Behaviorist
Provide feedback
Sequence learning materials
Assess learners
Explain learning outcomes
Used to teach the what, how, and why principles.
Learning is proven though a change in behavior
Motivational
Uses intrinsic or extrinsic motivational strategies to engage learners.
Cognitive psychology
ARCS Model-(Keller)
Satisfaction-Provide feedback and allow learners to apply knowledge to real-world situations.
Confidence-Inform learners of expectations. Design for sucess.
Relevance- Make content relevant to learner needs.
Attention-Gain learner attention.
Connectivist
Learning occurs in a Global classroom
Acquire new knowledge and skills on an ongoing basis
Learning and working in a networked environment
Information is not location-specific
Digital age learning theory
Situaated Learning-The application of knowledge and skills in a specific context. Information is applied in many context.
Cognitive
Context of Online Learning
Learners should be motivated
Accomodate varying learning styles
Organize content to prevent overloading
Allow retrieval of existing information from long-term memory
Use strategies to allow transfer into memory. Highlight critical information.
Learning is an internal process that involves memory, motivation, thining, and reflection. Information should be chunked and organized for proper processing.
Long-term memory storage
Short-term memory storage
Sensory store
Information from senses
Metacognition-An awareness of cognitive ability.
