Psychology
Developmental Approach
Freud
Key terms
Case study
Little Hans
Phallic stage
Oedipal conflict
Castration/widdler obsessed
Phobia of horses/father
Giraffe dreams
Witnessed horse fall
Resolved conflict
Bandura
Key terms
Imitation of aggression
Nursery children
Matched Pairs
Witnessed Model
Bobo doll
Arousal
Observed
Gender differences
Non-imitative aggression
Inhibition of aggression
Samuel and Bryant
Key terms
Piaget's theory
Conservation
Age
One question
Fixed array
Number/volume/mass
Conservation increases with age
conservation of number before
Two questions influences answer
Key terms
Early experences influence
applied to everyday life
behaviour learned
development in stages
experimental method
children as participants
difficult to isolate one factor in development
samples lack represntativesness
Physiological Approach
Sperry
Key terms
Corpus callosum
Epilespy
Visual fields
Brain Hemispheres
Language centre
Tactile tasks
Left Language
No communication, hemispheres
Maguire et al
Key terms
Taxi drivers
Hippocampus
spatial memory
'The Knowledge'
MRI scan/pixel count
Posterior hippocampus (back end)
Right hippocampus
Correlation
Cause and effect
Control group
Dement and Kleitman
Key terms
Sleep
Rapid Eye Movement sleep
Correlation
EEG
Bell
Recall of dreams
Tape recorder
Estimation of dream length
Direction of dream length
Content of dream
Key terms
Biological
Brain structures
Nature
Simplified explanations
Experimental method
Scientific
controlled
Objective
Low ecological validity
small atypical samples
Individual Differences Approach
Griffiths
Key terms
Gamblers
Fruit machines
Volunteer sample
£3
Thinking aloud
Behavioual meaures
Content analysis
Gamblers continued
Irrational verbalisations
Hindsight bias
Rosenhan
Key terms
Case study
Pseudopatients
Schizophrenia
Diagnosis
Type 1 and type 2 errors
Patients rated as pseudo patients
Lack of contact
interpretation of behaviour
stickiness of lables
depersonalisation
Thigpen and Cleckly
Key terms
Case study
Eve white
Letter
Eve black
Psychometric tests
Projective tests
Interviews
Jane
Electroencephalograph
Multiple Personality disorder
Key terms
Atypical behaviour
Abnormality
Uniqueness
Individuals
Applications to everyday life
Quantitiative and Qualitiative data
Subjective unusual samples
Culture
Psychometric testing
Cognitive Approach
Loftus and Palmer
Key words
Eye witness testimony
Laboratory experiment
Students
Films of accidents
verbs
memory structure
broken glass
'smashed' increased recall
post-event information
Study 1
Aim
To investigate the effect of leading questions on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony
Will the use of more severe sounding verbs to describe an accident leade participants?
Produce a higher estimate of speed??
Be more likley to (incorrectly) recall the presence of broken glass?
Participants
45 students
Five groups of nine
Method
Laboratory Experiment
Seven clips of traffic accidents
Asked to write a short account of what they had seen
asked to complete a questionnaire
critical question was ''about how fast were the cars going when they ***** each other
Five differrent verbs (one per condition)
Smashed
Collided
Bumped
Hit
Contacted
IV
Verb used in question
DV
Estimate of speed
Results
The worse sounding the verb = the faster speed estimate
Conclusion
1. Verb distorts actual memorey
2. Responce Bias - demand characteristics
Study 2
Participants
150 students
Three groups of 50
Method
Procedure similar to study 1
Groups
Group 1
How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other
Group 2
How fast were the cars going when they hit eachother
Group 3
Not asked (Control)
One Week later all subjects asked again
Did you see any broken glass?
Results
Stats
Smashed
16/50
Hit
7/50
Control
6/50
Wording of question affected the participants memory of the event.
Smashed = more than twice as likley to see glass
Conclusions
Supports Study 1
Post event information distorts actual memory
Loftus and Palmer suggests there are two types of information for memory
1. Information from perceiving the event
2. Information we get after the event
Baron-Cohen et al
Keywords
Autism
Asperger's
Tourette
Gender recognitition task
Basic emotion recognition
Gender differences
Impaired theory of mind
Aim
Provide more support for the cognitive explanation of autism
That autistic adults lack theory of mind skills.
The theory of mind test used was the eye test
eye task meant describing the emotion displayed by eyes
Participants
3 groups
Group 1
16 participants
13 male
3 female
4 with high fuctioning autism
12 with Asperger's syndrome
Mean IQ of 105.3
Group 2
50 Participants
25 male
25 female
Drawn from general population of Cambridge
Assumed to have normal IQ
Group 3
10 Participants
Method
Quasi experiment
Eyes task
25 standardised photos of eyes
Black and White
Shown for 3 seconds
Forced to choose between 2 emotions
Asked "Which word best describes what this person is feeling or thinking"
Strange stories task used to test concurrent validity of the eyes task
Results
Group 1 scored much lower on eyes task than the other 2 groups
No difference between Group 2 and Group 3 on eyes task
Table results
1. Autism/Asperger's = 16.3 (mean score on eyes task)
2. Control ('normal') = 20.3 (mean score on eyes task)
3. Tourette's Syndrome = 20.4 (mean score on eyes task)
Savage-Rumbaugh et al
Keywords
Case study
Kanzi
Lexigraph
Spontaneous use
Maikia
Naturalistic enviroment
Indoor enviroment
Productive receptive abilities
Formal testing
Travel in forest
Key terms
Inferred Bhehaviour
Information Processing
Thought proccess
Experimental method
Low ecological validity
Computer analogy
practical applications
developlemt of thinking
application of findings
Social Approach
Piliavin
Key terms
Bystander intervention
Kitty Genovese
New York Subway
Victim - cane/drunk
Model
Observers
Race
Males helped
Cane helped more
Cost/benefits and arousal theory
Milgram
Key terms
Holocaust
Advertisement
Fixed role. teacher
shock generator
word pairs
450 volts
verbal 'prods'
stress, nervous laughter
66% obeyed
debriefed
Reicher and Haslam
Key terms
Priosen experiment
BBC
Role allocation
interventions
uniforms
observation/recordings
psychometric tests
saliva swabs
breakout
commune
Key terms
Influence of others
Our place in soceity
Social rules
Culture
Ethnocentric
Field experiments
Laboratory experiments
Application of results
Ethics of manipulating social situations
Experiment types
Experiment
Key terms
Laboratory
Field
Quasi/natural
Control
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
Data
Measures of central tendency
Graphs
Observation
Key terms
Naturalistic
Participants
Controlled
Coding System
Inter-rater reliability
Ethics
Tally
Event Sampling
Time Sampling
Replication
Self-report
Questionnaire
Interview
Survey
Likert scale
Open question
closed question
Fixed response question
Qualitative/quanitiative data
Social desirability
Validity
Correlation
Relationship
Positive
Negative
Variables
Perfect
Scattergram
Cause and effect
Hypothesis
Data analysis technique
Strength of relationship
Research Methods
Hypothesis
Key terms
Alternative Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
One tailed Hypothesis
Two tailed Hypothesis
Sample
Key terms
Opportunity Sample
Random Sample
Volunteer Sample
Design
Key terms
Independent Design
Repeated Design
Matched Pairs Design
Ethics
Other Key terms
Counterbalencing
Mean
Median
Mode
Range
Scattergram
Pie chart
Bar chart
Tables