Biology Concept Map

Test 2

Cell Signaling Pathways and Cancer

Phospholipids

Carbohydrates

glycoproteins

glycolipids

Proteins

Peripheral

loosely bound to membrane

Golgi bundles the vesicles and the vesic;es spill contents out of the plasma membrane

Test 1

Covalent bond

Chemical Bonding

Water and its properties

Organic Molecules

Energy, Cellular Respiration, Photosynthesis

Substrates

Metabolism

Energy

Respiration

Photosynthesis

Organelles

Chloroplast

Mitochondria

DNA Within Nucleus

Peroxisome

Cytoplasm

No Membrane Enclosed Organelles

DNA in nucleoid

Endosymbiotic theory

DNA Replication

starts w/ ORI at DNA

Single Strand Binding Protein

1.Helicase

Unwinds DNA

2. Primase adds RNA nucleotides

multiple primase for lagging strand

3. Primase

adds RNA nucleotides one at a time

makes short segment of RNA

4. DNA Pol I

Synthesize new DNA by adding of nucleotides (5 to 3 direction)

Has proofreading abilities (3 to 5 direction)

5. DNA Pol III

Leading Strand: synthesizes a complimentary strand continuously by elongating new DNA. (5 to 3 direction)

Lagging Strand: elongate new strand in 5 to 3 direction. Works away from replication fork.

6. DNA Ligase

Helps form phosphodiester bonds between DNA

Topoisomerase

Helps reduce tension between ends of uncoiled DNA

DNA Transcription

DNA to RNA

Prokaryotes: RNA Pol I

Eukaryotes: RNA Polymerase II

Makes: Pre-mRNA

No terminator sequence

RNA Splicing

Exons: stay in mRNA

Introns: spliced out

Makes: mRNA

No Splicing

Has terminator sequence

DNA Translation

mRNA

Tonicity

Hypertonic

Plants

Animals

Hypotonic

Isotonic

Phospholipid bilayer

Unsaturated tails

Steroid Cholesterol

Cell-Cell Recognition

Cell Signaling Pathways

Eukaryotes

G-Protein Signaling

hormone binds to receptor

receptor changes shape (receptor activated)

G-Protein activated

G-Protein binds to receptor

GDP ---> GTP

hormone leaves receptor

Adenylyl Cylclase activated

ATP -->cAMP

Adenylyl Cyclase inactivated

cAMP bind to Protein Kinase A

phosphorylation cascade

Protein Kinase A = enzyme

GTP---> GDP

GTPase

Adenylyl Cyclase= enzyme

Cancer

oncogenes

cancerous genes

proto-oncogenes

normal genes that stimulate normal cell growth/division

RAS

Characterisitics of cancer cells

loss of density dependent inhibition

loss of anchorage dependence

accumulation of mutants

ability to invade/disrupt distant and local tissues

Tumor-suppressor genes

encode proteins that inhibit abnormal division of cells

mutation: p53

BRCA 1 and BRCA 2

breast and other tissue

help repair damaged DNA

phosphodiester bonds

Transmembrane proteins

Passive Transport

Channel Proteins

aquaporins

Diffusion

High conc to Low Conc

Osmosis

Lactose

Operon

Prokaryotes

Carrier Proteins

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Exchanges NA+ with K+

Ion channels

Tryptophan

Operon

repressor= inactive; tryptophan (co-repressor) needed to bind to operator

Facilitated Diffusion

Ion Channels

Gated

open/close in response to stimuli

Not gated

open/close in response to shift in voltage

Membrane potential

Negative inside of membrane

Cations in

Anions out

Electrochemical grandient

Electrogenic pump

Proton Pump

Cotransport

H+/Sucrose Pump

Positive outside of membrane

Cell Cycle

Interphase

G1: Cell prepares to duplicate

S: Chromosomes duplicated (46)

G2: Cell checked for errors

Sister chromatids form

ATP produced

Action Potential

Constant magnitude

Resting State

Depolarization

Rising Phase

Falling Phase

Undershoot

Synapses

Chemical Synapses

relies on pre-synaptic neuron to release neurotranmitter

increase in Ca+ causes vesicles to fuse w/ pre-synaptic membrrance

Electrical Synapses

gap junctions

enable direct flow from neuron to neuron

Hydrogen bonds

strong dipole dipole interactions

EX: water molecule connections

when hydrogen atoms are covalently bonded to electronegative atom

heat absorbed hydrogen bonds break, heat released when they reform

Adhesion

Cohesion

Van der Waals

when atoms are close, weak interactions

non-polar bonds have + and - charges regions

electrons not evenly distributed causing them yo stick together

Biological molecules

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Ribosomes

rRNA

Integral

embedded into membrane

Translocation

ER signal

1. Signal Recognition Protein (SRP) attaches and pauses

2. goes to ER and SRP comes off

3. Signal peptidase cuts protein

4. Glycosylation: adding sugar groups to protein

Vesicles

Transport to Golgi

Can go to back to ER or Lysosomes

Extracellular membrane

depart of membrane

Secrete out

Mutations

Types of Mutations

Bulk Transport

Active Transport

Moves solute against conc. gradient

Process of selectively amplifying a piece of DNA

Step 1: Denaturation (helicase)

Step 2: Annealing (attach)

Step 3: Elongation

Exocytosis

Endocytosis

phagocytosis

pinocytosis

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Linkage of nucleotides

Involves dehydration reaction

in RNA, Adenine (A) pairs w/ Uracil (U) and Thymine is not present.

DNA Packaging

Nucleosome

Mitosis

Makes 2 daughter cells

diploid 2n=46

Meiosis 1 (haploid n=23)

Meiosis 2

Mitosis

Phases

Prophase: Chromosomes condense,
mitotic spindle forms, nucleolus disappears

Prometaphase: nuclear envelope
releases releases condensed chromosomes,

Gene Regulation

Proximal control elements

Transcription Factors

Distal control elements

Cyclin dictates the target protein to phosphorylate by the CDK

Cell Cycle Regulators

Cyclin

Structurally and functionally related proteins

CDK (Cyclin-dependent kinases)

structurally and functionally related proteins

Kinases: add phosphate to target proteins

Hyperpolarization

Refractory period

Meiosis

Makes 4 daughter cells

Starts diploid (2n=46)

n=23

Evolution in Prokaryotic Cells

Oparin's Bubble Hypothesis

Identified Hydrogen cyanide, formaldehyde, amino acids, hydrocarbons within primitive atmosphere.

Abiotic synthesis of proteins

Primitive proteins

Abiotic synthesis of DNA, RNA

Primitive DNA, RNA

Protocell

DNA Structure & Replication Experiments

Griffith Experiment

Smooth bacteria injected in mice killed mice

Smooth with rough bacteria did NOT kill mice

Smooth heat killed bacteria did NOT kill mice

Smooth heat killed bacteria with rough killed mice

Hershey-Chase

radioactive sulfur within bacteriophage protein did not go inside bacterial cell

radioactive phosphorous within bacteriophage DNA did go inside bacterial cell.

Messleson and Stahl

Proved Conservative and Dispersive model was not accurate to how DNA replication worked.

Proved that Semiconservative model was accurate to how DNA replication worked.