Cell Signaling

Types of Signaling

Local

Paracrin

Target cell targeted by molecules from signaling cell

Synaptic

Nerve cell releases neurotransmitters which simulated another nerve cell

Long Distance

Endocrine

Hormones released into body fluids by endocrine cells that affect other cells within the body

Reception

Signaling molecule

Receptor

Transduction

Different Pathways

G-Protein Coupled Receptors

Signal molecule enters the G protein Receptor

Inactive G protein with GDP is activated by GTP when joining receptor

Activated G Protein Relays message to an enzyme by binding to it.

This then releases the message in forms like cAMP and eventually forms gives an outcome

Tyrosine Kinase Receptor

Signal molecule enters the ligand binding site

The two monomers with receptor tyrosine kinase proteins come together to form a dimer

Dimerization activates the Tyrones on the receptors by adding phosphate to them from an ATP molecule

With the receptor being activated, relay proteins can bind to them and ultimately have an outcome

Ion Channel Receptors

Ligand enters the ion channel receptor to open it

With it being open, ions can enter and exit the cell

A cellular response can now occur

Response

Activation of different things like glycogen phosphorylase or of a gene