Chapter 3: Adaptation

Respiratory Adaptation

Respiratory tract

1. lungs

2. air passages

3. breathing (ventilation)

Pulmonary ventilation

decrease at submaximal intensity

Increase at maximal intensity due to TV increase & respiratory frequency

Pulmonary diffusion

Unchanged (rest & submaximal intensity)

Maximal intensity (increase) -lung perfusion (increase)

Arterial-Venus O2 difference

(increase) - O2 extraction & active muscle blood flow (increase)

O2 extraction (increase) - oxidative capacity

Increased (submax & maximal exercise)

Cardiovascular Adaptation

Cardiovascular tract

1. Heart

2. Blood vessels

3. Blood

Heart size - cardiac hypertrophy

Heart chamber enlarged

Increase ventricular volume

Stroke volume

Increase at rest (submaximal)

Lower resting heart rate

Greater aerobic fitness level

Q=SV x HR

Decreased HR recovery

HR return to normal

Quicker than untrained person

Metabolic Adaptation

Lactate threshold

Occurs at higher percentage of VO2Max

Improve O2 delivery

Increase skeletal enzymes

Increased mitochondria density

Increase capacity aerobic

Increased capillary density

Greater O2 exchange - greater area available

VO2Max improved

Cardiorespiratory Adaptation

Small increase cardiorespiratory endurance

Small increase in VO2Max

Cardiovascular adaptation

Small increase ventricle size

Decreased resting HR

Small increase in SV

Decreased resting BP

Metabolic Adaptation

ATP-PCr System

Little enzymatic change with training

Specific training - strength increase

Glycolytic System

Increase - (Phosphorylase, PFK, LDH)

Performance gains from increase in strength

Increase Buffering Capacity

Neutralize acidity

Sprinter - generate energy for longer period

Increase Aerobic Capacity