Diversity
Eukarya^
1.animal-like protists
hetero parasitic,unicellular,motile(move)
A.cerozoans
single celled amoeba,cell wall,cytoskeleton,pseudopods,small intestine
B.cilates
B.cilia,paramecium,large intestine
C.flagellates
flagella,digestive,parasitic,african,sleeping sikness
D.sporozoans
parasitic,vectors,sexaul and asexaul,malaria,red blood cells
2.plants-like protists
aquatic,auto,chloroplasts,unicellular,multicellular,brown green red algae,vascular
A.diatoms
phytoplankton,food source,silica,asexually,mitosis,and sexually
B.dinoflagellates
phytoplankton,food source,flagellas,algae blooms,red tide shellfish,symbiotic,zooxanthellae,coral reef bleaching
C.euglenoids
fresh,chloroplasts,and phytoplankton,flagella,euglena
D.multicellular algae....plants or protists
brown algae
red algae
green algae
3.fungi-like protists
heter,living organisms,dead organisms,and wastes,spores
A.plasmodial slime moulds
decaying materil palsmodium,stalked,sporess
B.individual,pseudoplas modium,stalked,sporess
C.water,moulds
decompase,water moist,absorb nutrients,irish potato famine
eukaryotes,unicellular,diverse group,asexually,auto or betero
3 major protista groups
1.plant-like protists
diaitoms,dinoflagellater,euglenoids,algae?
2.animal-like protists
cerrozoans,cilliates,flagellates,sporozoans
3.fungi-like protists
slimemoulds,water moulds
Animalia
chordata
chondrichthyes
sexual reproduction
cartilaginous fishes that have skeletons primarily composed of cartilage.
osteichthyes
bony fishes
salmon, herring, eels, anchovies, and clownfish,
amphibia
frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts.
reptilia
turtles (Testudines), snakes and lizards (Lepidosauria)
crocodiles and their relatives (Crocodilia), and birds (Aves)
aves
sparrow, crow, doves, ducks, pigeons, flamingo
mammalia
rats, cats, dogs, deer, monkeys, apes, bats, whales, dolphins, and humans.
monotremes
indigenous to Australia and New Guinea
marsupials
kangaroos, wallabies, wombats, the koala, the Tasmanian devil, and opossums.
placental mammals
whales, elephants, shrews, and armadillos
most are vertebrates
bilateral symmetry
coelomates
motille sessile
sexually reproduction
fish,froges,snakes,birds,dogs,humans
Subtopic
1.dorsal nerve card
tube-shaped
2. notochord
flexible,rod-shaped
3.gill slits
in the throat embryo
echinodermata
marine animals
radial symmetry
bilateral symmetry
water-vascular system
endoskleton internal skeleton
reproduce sexually and asexually
starfish,sea urchins,sand dollars
arthropoda
largest animal phylum
joint legged
exoskeleton made of chitin
nervous systems
divided into 4 major groups
spiders,scorpions,crayfish,crabs
mollusca
3.cephalopoda
octopuses and squids
2.gastropda
snails and slugs
1.bivalvia
oysters,clams,muscles
has 3 germ layers
bilateral symmetry
have a coele
body have 2 opening
mantle organs
respiratory system
sensory systems
hard shell
snails,slugs,octopus,clams,oysters
annelida
has 3 germ layers
have a coelem
body have 2 opening
simple nervous system
bilateral symmetry
tube-like body divided into ringed segments
segmented worms,earhworms
nematoda
mostly microsopic
body have 2 opening mouth at one end,anus at the other end
simple nervous and digestive
bilateral symmetry
many are parasitic
move by muscle
roundworms pinworm
platyheminthes
acoelomates
have all 3 germ layers
body has only 1 opening
bilateral body symmetry
simple nervous system
nerve cells at the head end
cnidaria
polyp
tube-shaped sessile body form
adult sea anemones,corals
body have only 1 opening
the oldest animal groups
radial
stinging tentacles
have tissues and simple nervous system
jellyfish,coral,hydra
medusa
umbrella-shaped free-swimming form
jellyfish
porifera
sessile
asymmetrical
no organs or tissues
only 2 germ layers
body have only 1 opening (food in,waste out)
plantae
dicot
contain two cotyledons
dandelions, crap apple maple trees
cotyledons stucture that stores food used by the embryo
monocot
contain one cotyledons
corn,orchids,onions
Bryophytes(Mosses)
Non-vascular
No roots,just rhizoids
Ferns
Have roots,stems and leaves
vascular
No flowers or seed produces spores
contain fronds
contain rhizomes
Gymnosperms
tall,woody
vascular
have,roots stems and needle-like leaves
conifers cycadophytes and ginkgophtes
Angiosperms
vascular
flowers are reproductive structure
includes,grass,rose,eucalypts
Fungi
Fungi imperfecti
reproduce asexually
produces penicillin
make soy sauce and some cheeses
Chytrids
mostly unicellular
Aquatic
spores have flagella
reproduce sexually and asexually
parasitic or live on decaying organisms
live in soil
causes potato wart disease
Zygospore Fungi
multicellular (land)
mostly terrestrial
common moulds bread mould
reproduces asexually
produce zygospore
remains dormant until favorable conditions return
Sac Fungi
largest group
powdery mildews on leaves,struffles
reproduction sexual
bearing asci small finger-like sacs
single-celled yeasts reproduce asexually by budding
Club Fungi
multicellular
mushrooms,puffballs
sexual basiospore from basidium
mycelium
Viruses^
Viruses are generally selective: specific virusesonly enter specific hosts, cells or tissues
Host range: thenumber of host
species, tissues orcells that can beinfected by a virus
Acellular non-living
Very small organisms (20-400 nm)
Subtopic
DNA or RNA core
Capsid: protein coatsurrounding the core
Sometimes have anenvelope surroundingthe capsid
1. Broad Host Range:
infects many species/cells
2. Narrow Host Range
infects only 1-3 species/cells
Viruses cannot reproduce on their own
onlyreplicate when they are in a living host cell
• Lytic Cycle:
Once virus is replicatedand assembled
host cellruptures releasing
new virus into surroundings
Host cell is destroyed
• Lysogenic Cycle:
Virus’s genetic material enters the host
cell’s nucleus and inserts itself into the
host’s chromosomes called a provirus
it is copied every timethe host cell divides
Viral DNA staysdormant (inactive
Bacteria
bacteria
Bacteria are prokaryotes
mostly unicellular organisms
mesophilic:live in environments withmoderate condition
Genetic material iscontained in nucleoid
Genetic material iscontained in nucleoid
can be helpful or pathogenic
Contain plasmids: small,circular pieces of DNA
autotroph (produces own food
heterotroph (must obtain food
Shapes:
Cocci – round
Bacilli – rod-shaped
Spirilli – spiral-shaped
Groupings: (prefix)
Diplo – pairs
Staphylo – clusters
Strepto – chains
1. Binary Fission
Asexual Reproduction
Produces 2 geneticallyidentical cells
2. Conjugation
Sexual Reproduction
Transfer of geneticmaterial (plasmids)
Sex pilus is used to sharegenetic information
1. Gram-Negative Bacteria:
Have a thin protein layeron cell wall and will stain pink
2. Gram-Positive Bacteria:
Have a thick protein layeron cell wall and will stain purple
1. LAG PHASE:
growthis slow as bacteriaacclimates to foodand nutrients
2. LOG PHASE:
rapidbacterial growth atan exponential rate
3. STATIONARY PHASE:
more and more bacteriaare competing
dwindling food supply
Growth stabilizes
4. DEATH PHASE:
wastesbuild up and food
sources are depleted
Bacteria start to die
Archaea
archaea
1.Methanogens
Live in anaerobic environment (no oxygen}
Obtain energy by changing H2 and CO2 intomethane gas
Found in swamps, marshes, sewage treatmentplants, digestive tracts of animals, landfills
2.Halophiles
Live in very salty water
Found in the Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake,
3.Acidophiles
Can live at Ph of 0
Found in volcanic craters and mine drainage lakes
Live in extremely hot water (above 100 c)
Found in hot springs inYellowstone National Park,and deep sea vents