Diversity of Life

By Joshua Lui-Yee

Evolution

Populations Genetics and Evolution:

Populations

units of evolution

genetically evolve

group of organisms

interbreed in the same region

A gene pool

alleles

genes

population

Microevolution:

change in alleles over time

genetic diversity increases

different characteristics and alleles

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium:

a population can follow conditions

in accordance with the theory

random sexual mating

large population size

isolation from other species

no mutation

no natural selection

same allele population

no genetic diversity

no diverse offspring

same gene pool

not in accordance with the theory

non-random mating

genetic drift

gene flow

mutation

natural selection

changing allele population

genetic diversity

gene pool

diverse offspring

Natural Selection:

change in allele frequencies

specific genotype advantages

a survival advantage

larger gene pool

diverse offspring

variation of traits among organisms

overproduction of offspring

struggle for existence

different rates of surival

selection

Genetics:

Alleles

Mutated genes (ie. green eyes vs blue eyes)

after meiosis

cells with the same genes and locus, but varying alleles

genetically different

sexual reproduction

alleles from each parent

increases diversity of traits and characteristics

Reproduction

Gametogenisis

Oogenisis

egg cells (ovem

Spermatogenisis

sperm cells

Sexual Reproduction:

Gamete formation

Sperm and egg unite

Embryo forms

offspring recieves alleles from each parent

increases genetic variation

Mendel Laws of Genetics:

Mendel's Law of Dominance

a heterozygous organism

1 expressed allele

alleles must be recessive or dominanat

dominant alleles will be revealed over recessive

Mendal's Law of Segregation

alleles segregate during anaphase

each gamete gets 1 allele

^

increased variation in traits

increased diversity in offspring

probability of alleles

dihybrid Punnett squares

genotypes and phenotypes of each allele

Mendal's Law of Independant Assortment

alleles assort of each other during metaphase 1

increased variation in traits

increased diversity in offspring

probability of alleles

monohybrid Punnett squares

genotypes and phenotypes of each allele

Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance:

Incomplete Dominance

neither allele is dominant

both alleles are expressed together

creation of a new trait

increases phenotypical diversity

Complete Dominanace:

both alleles are dominant

both alleles are expressed separately

creation of a new trait

increases phenotypical diversity

Cell Cycle

Interphase:

Mitosis

cell division process

genetically identical diploid somatic cells

increase genetic variation

Meiosis

Note: Meiosis and mitosis both have PMAT phases, with slight differences^

Subtopic

create gamete cells

daughter cells recieve allele from each parent

2 phases of meiosis

Meiosis 1 (reduction division phase)

2 haploid cells

Increase genetic variation

crossing-over

metaphase 1

independent assortment

prophase 1

Meiosis 2:

4 haploid cells

genetically different offspring

increase diversity

CONNECTION: Alleles are involved in Genetics, to contribute to mutations, but are also part of Evolution to describe gene pools.

in the

of everyone in a

which is the

is important because

when offspring recieve

are defined as

but must be a

that can

which means that

means to have

and

will result in the

to be

and

or

when there are

giving organisms a

meaning that they will have the

means to have

or

will result in a

which can result in

CONNECTION: Organisms can have traits that follow Mendel's Laws, or traits that are incomplete patterns. Both increase genetic variation.

which can result in

which results in a

and

which changes the

allowing for more

includes

to be

and

CONNECTION: Organisms can have traits that follow Mendel's Laws (dominant and recessive traits), or traits that are incomplete patterns. Both increase genetic variation via allele combinations.

CONNECTION: Alleles are mutated genes, but are also exchanged during meiosis, and help to increase genetic variation

CONNECTION: Mendel's Laws of Genetics explain genetic differences, but uses Meiosis to describe how genetic variation occurs in alleles

CONNECTION:
Both meiosis and gametogenesis are involved in the production of gametes

CONNECTION: Independent assortment is a process in meiosis, but is also a part of Mendel's Laws.

CONNECTIONS: Genotypes are part of Punnett squares in Genetics but are also part of natural selection in Evolution

which can result in

CONNECTION: Sexual reproduction is important to genetic variation between alleles mutations, but also to maintain the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

is the

and

CONNECTION: Genes are a part of gene pools, but are changed by gene flow and genetic drift in the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

are

they form

and the result are

they are

and through

the offspring recieve

which in turn

includes

can be seen through

this is when

but when

and results in the

that ultimately

this ultimately

includes

which is to

includes

which is a

to create

this will NOT

where

this is seen through the

includes

resulting in the creation of

this will

through

during

this results in

which will

is seen through

includes

to create

comes after

when the

and the

so that the

this will

includes

stats that in

will only have

because

and so

reminds us that

so that

this causes

and also

we can see this in the

through the use of

by finding the

reminds us that

to cause

and

we can see this in the

through the use of

by finding the

Real-Life Examples (Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium):

^

1. Gene flow: Bees can carry pollen from one plant to another, increasing gene flow, because pollen can produce male gametes.

2. Genetic Drift: Natural disasters can occur, causing a population of organism to be wiped out. Some alleles in the gene pool will survive over others.

^

3. Non-Random Mating: Most human cultures do not mate randomly and instead find mates based on traits or characteristics.

4. Natural Selection: Giraffes have longer necks that allow them to find food and resources that other animals may struggle to find for survival. This is a physical advantage over other animals.

Diversity of LifeBy Joshua Lui-Yee

Evolution

Genetics:

CONNECTION: Alleles are involved in Genetics, to contribute to mutations, but are also part of Evolution to describe gene pools.

in the

of everyone in a

which is the

is important because

when offspring recieve

are defined as

but must be a

that can

which means that

means to have

and

and

will result in the

to be

and

or

or

when there are

giving organisms a

meaning that they will have the

means to have

or

or

will result in a

which can result in

which can result in

CONNECTION: Organisms can have traits that follow Mendel's Laws, or traits that are incomplete patterns. Both increase genetic variation.

which can result in

which can result in

which results in a

and

and

which changes the

allowing for more

includes

to be

and

CONNECTION: Organisms can have traits that follow Mendel's Laws (dominant and recessive traits), or traits that are incomplete patterns. Both increase genetic variation via allele combinations.

CONNECTION: Alleles are mutated genes, but are also exchanged during meiosis, and help to increase genetic variation

CONNECTION: Mendel's Laws of Genetics explain genetic differences, but uses Meiosis to describe how genetic variation occurs in alleles

CONNECTION: Both meiosis and gametogenesis are involved in the production of gametes

CONNECTION: Independent assortment is a process in meiosis, but is also a part of Mendel's Laws.

CONNECTIONS: Genotypes are part of Punnett squares in Genetics but are also part of natural selection in Evolution

which can result in

CONNECTION: Sexual reproduction is important to genetic variation between alleles mutations, but also to maintain the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

is the

and

CONNECTION: Genes are a part of gene pools, but are changed by gene flow and genetic drift in the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

are

they form

and the result are

they are

and through

the offspring recieve

which in turn

includes

includes

includes

includes

includes

can be seen through

can be seen through

this is when

this is when

but when

but when

and results in the

and results in the

that ultimately

this ultimately

includes

includes

which is to

includes

which is a

to create

Diversity of Life

By Joshua Lui-Yee

CONNECTION:
Both meiosis and gametogenesis are involved in the production of gametes

Real-Life Examples (Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium):

^

2. Genetic Drift: Natural disasters can occur, causing a population of organism to be wiped out. Some alleles in the gene pool will survive over others.

^