3-1 Research Paper Outline

Introduction: African American have contributed to Aviation through a variety of methods. As fighter pilot's during a racially sensitive area. As mechanic's working on aircraft, with in some cases, less than desire tools and accommodations mechanics had to improvise to ensure the safety of the men flying the aircraft. One of the first African American astronauts flew into space in 1983.

Main Point 1

How African Americans have contributed to Flight

Subtopic 1 - Bessie Coleman was a pioneer she was one of the first African American to receive a Pilot's License.

Reference: Brady, T. (2000). The American aviation experience: A history. Carbondale, Ill: Southern Illinois University Press.

Subtopic 2 - Tuskegee Airmen were the first African Americans to fly in combat.

Reference: National Park Services. (n.d.). Booker T. Washington, George Washington Carver, and the

Tuskegee Airmen: LEGENDS OF TUSKEGEE. Retrieved July 6, 2014, from

http://www.cr.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/tuskegee/

Subtopic 3 - Marlon Green became the first African American Pilot hired by a major airline in 1964.

Reference: L, H. T., & Roberts, P. (2011). The Black Experience in Business Aviation: An Exploratory Case Study. Journal of Aviation Technology and Engineering, 1(1).

Main Point 2

How African American have contributed to NASA

Subtopic 1 - Major Robert H. Lawrence became the first black astronaut in 1967, however he never flew in space.

Reference: Hardesty, V., and D. Pisano. Black Wings: The American Black in Aviation. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1983.

Subtopic 2 - 1983 Guion S. Bluford became the first African American to fly into space.

Reference: Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. (n.d.). Retrieved July 13, 2014, from https://airandspace.si.edu/files/pdf/explore-and-learn/teaching-posters/aviation.pdf

Subtopic 3 - Dr. Mae C. Jemison became the first African American woman to fly in space in 1988.

Reference: Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. (n.d.). Retrieved July 13, 2014, from https://airandspace.si.edu/files/pdf/explore-and-learn/teaching-posters/aviation.pdf

Main Point 3

Other area's of Aviation with African American contributions

Subtopic 1 - In 1958 Ruth Carol Taylor was the first African American Stewardess/Flight Attendant hired by an airline.

Reference: Hardesty, V., Pisano, D., & National Air and Space Museum. (1984). Black wings: The American Black in aviation. Washington, D.C: National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution.

Subtopic 2 - In 1978, Jill E. Brown became the first African American female pilot to work for a major airline.

Refernce: Hardesty, V., Pisano, D., & National Air and Space Museum. (1984). Black wings: The American Black in aviation. Washington, D.C: National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution.

Conclusion

Aviation is often an area of African American history that is often over looked other than a movie which was recently name Red Tails. African American's have a rich heritage in aviation. However, many of the story's of some the pioneers are often overlooked or not mentioned. The purpose of this paper was to give an overview of the contributions that African American's have made to Flight, NASA and other area's within the Aviation community.