Modern Era

Revolutions

The Enlightenment

Nationalism

Brought on many revolutions
during this time period

Provided the roots for the
Atlantic Revolutions

Montesquieu
Hobbes
Locke
Jacques-Rousseau
Voltaire

Suffrage was expanded

Slavery was abolished
across many countries

Occurred mostly because
industrialization decreased
the amount of slave labor needed

Ended Serfdom

Advancements in the economy

Human rights movements

Feminism

Mary Wollstonecraft

Women should receive the
same education as men

Olympe de Gouge

Declaration of the Rights of
Woman and of the Female
Citizen

Covered an array of rights
women should have

Seneca Falls Conference

Women's right to vote and
holding equal power in
politics and the economy

Industrial Revolution

Causes

Urbanization
Improved agricultural productivity
Access to waterways
Coal, iron, and timber
Access to foreign resources
Accumulation of Capital

Effects

Textile industry flourished
in India but severely
damaged Egypt's

Fossil Fuel Revolution
was important

Production

Steel
Chemicals
Electricity
Precision Machinery

Transportation and
Communication

Railroads
Steamships
Telegraph

Government's Roles

Japan was no longer so isolated

Russia forced industrialization
to catch up to the western countries

Reformed Egypt's economy

Reforms depended on the type of government a country had

Economic Changes

Laissez-faire
capitalism

Free markets

Transnational businesses such as HSBC Banks and Unilever

Consumerism and a higher standard of living developed in the working and middle classes

Banks, the stock market, and limited-liability corporations helped expand business opportunities

Political, social, educational,
and urban reforms

Karl Marx argued for socialism

Nationalism

Declaration of
Independence
from the British
colonies

The Declaration of the Rights
of Man and Citizen in the
French Revolution

Atlantic Revolutions

Haitian Revolution
Mexican Revolution
Brazilian Independence

Society

Middle Class

Worked on farms
or as artisans

Paid
fairly
well

Was no longer at the
bottom of society

Working Class

Worked in industrial factories and coal mines

Poor working and living conditions

Needed little skills and
was the largest social class

Consequences of Industrialization

State Expansion

Indigenous Responses

Rebellions occurred in West Africa, Peru, India, U.S., and Sudan

New States

Independent states in the Balkans
Sokoto Caliphate in Nigeria
Cherokee Nation
Zulu Kingdom

Social Darwinism
Nationalism
"Civilizing mission"
Desire to religiously convert populations

The British, French, Dutch,
and Spanish expanded into Africa

Settler colonies

Shifts from non-state control to state control in India, Indonesia, and Congo

Economy

Global Development

Global trade expanded

Industrialized nations sought raw materials from South America and other less developed countries

Gold, silver, copper, and diamond were sought after and created a global industry

Imperialism

More developed countries had economic influence over less developed countries

Commodities made in other countries benefited Europe and other industrialized countries more than the country they were produced in

Opium in Middle East and South Asia
Cotton from South Asia and Egypt
Oil from the Middle East
Copper from Chile
Palm Oil from Sub-Saharan Africa

Migration

Causes

Decline in agriculture dependent economies

Japanese workers

Economic opportunities and freedoms

Japanese workers, Lebanese merchants

Political instability and unrest

Japanese, Lebanese, Italians

Relocated to the U.S., South America, and parts of Europe

Effects

Women took on more roles in society as men migrated for work

Ethnic enclaves formed

Cultures and traditions
started to blend together

Chinese in Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, South America, and North America

Indians in East and Southern Africa, and Southeast Asis

Irish in North America

Italians in North and South America

Chinese Exclusion Act

White Australia Policy