MSS2 Exam
Muscles/Innervations/Vasculature
Deep back
Suboccipital
Gluteal Region
Superficial
Gluteus Maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia lata
Deep
Piriformis
Obturator internus
Superior gemelli
Inferior gemelli
Quadratus femoris
Thigh
Anterior Compartment
Hip Flexors
Psoas major
Pectineus
Psoas minor (variable)
Illiacus
Sartorius
Quadriceps femoris muscles
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius
Medial Compartment/Adductor muscles
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus (adductor part)
Adductor magnus (hamstring part)
Gracilis
Obturator externus
Posterior Compartment/Hamstring muscles
Semitendinous
Semimembranosus
Biceps femoris (long head)
Biceps femoris (short head)
Leg
Anterior
Tibialis anterior (TA)
Extensor digitorum longus (EDL)
Extensor hallucis longus (EHL)
Fibularis tertius (FT)
Lateral
Fibularis longus (FL)
Fibularis brevis (FB)
Posterior
Superficial
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris (variable)
Deep
Popliteus
Flexor hallucis longus (FHL)
Flexor digitorum longus (FDL)
Tibialis posterior (TP)
Foot
Dorsal
Extrinsic
fro anterior compartment of leg: tendons from TA, EHL, EDL, and FT mm.
Intrinsic
Extensor digitorum brevis (EDB)
Extensor hallucis brevis (EHB)
Dorsal interossei
Plantar
1st Layer
Abductor hallucis
Flexor digitorum brevis (FDB)
Abductor digit minimi (ADM)
2nd Layer
Quadratus plantae
Lumbricals
3rd Layer
Flexor hallucis brevis (FHB)
Adductor hallucis
Oblique head
Transverse head
Flexor digiti minimi
4th Layer
Plantar interosseous
Vertebral Column
Vertebrae
Typical Layout:
Spinous Processes
Transverse Processes
Articular Processes (facets): superior and inferior
Vertebral arch: formed by lamma (most posterior) and pedicle (lateral borders of arch)
Vertebral Body (Centrum)
Openings
Vertebral foramen (canal): formed by arch, spinal cord passes through here
Intervertebral foramen formed by Vertebral notches (superior and inferior): where spinal nerves will exit
Cervical (7)
Atypical
C1: Atlas
No body
No spinous process
articulates superiorly with occipital bone of skull at Articular Facets
Anterior and posterior masses
articulation surface for Dens from C2
C2: Axis
Dens/Odontoid process
Typical
C3-C7
C2-C6: BIFID
ALL (C1-C7): large vertebral foramen due to cervical enlargement, transverse foramen containing vertebral artery
C7: vertebral foramen contains a vein, forms the vertebra prominens
Thoracic (12)
Transverse Processes
Spinous Processes
Demifacets for articulation with head of ribs
Costal facets on centrum: superior and inferior; articulate with head of rib
Costal facets on transverse processes: transverse facet; articulate with tubercle of rib
Lumbar (5)
Largest (specifically L5): support body weight
Costiform processes: at tip of transverse process
Accessory processes: base of Trans process
Mammillary processes: superior articular process
Sacrum (5 fused)
Sacral canal: transmits cauda equina (L1 to Co1)
Sacral foramina: ventral and dorsal primary rami from S1 to S5 nerves
Sacral promontory: anterior aspect of S1; obstetric landmark
Coccygeal (4, variable)
muscle attachment for glut max and pelvic diaphragm; non weight bearing
Joints
Intervertebral joints
ALL
PREVENTS HYPEREXTENSION
most commonly torn in whiplash; dens is also commonly fractured
PLL
PREVENTS HYPERFLEXION
intervertebral discs
facet joints
uncovertebral joints
ligamentum flavum
interspinous
intratransverse
nuchal
supraspinour ligaments
intertransverse
Alantoaxial joints
C1-C2 joint: synovial pivot
ligaments
apical
alar
transverse cruciate lig
longitudinal lig
tectorial membrane
Craniovertebral
atlanto-occipital (C0-C1)
synovial condylar joint
allows flexion and extension
ligaments
anterior atlanto-occipital membrane
posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
Costovertebral
synovial planar (gliding)
sacroiliac
synovial planar (gilding)
Movements
flexion and lateral flexion = cervical (best)
rotation = thoracic (best)
extension and lateral flexion of trunk = lumbar (best)
Curvature
primary
anterior concavity like in fetal development
thoracic
sacral
secondary
anterior convexities develop postnatally
cervical- develops when baby holds up head
lumbar- when toddler begins to walk
abnormalities
lordosis
increased lumbar convexity
kyphosis
increased thoracic concavity
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature