OPTICS

Studies light and the phenomena it produces

Geometric Optics

Studies the behavior of light propagated
in straight lines called rays.

Physical Optics

Light is consider as waves, including all
the wave phenomena.

Quantum Optics

Light is consider a corpuscle, that is, small particles
that move and impact on objects, making them visible.

Democritus

Believed that the light was composed of a
large number of particles.

Pythagoras

Pointed out that the light emanates from
luminous bodies in all directions.

Aristotle

He considered light as a kind of pulsation
in the ether.

Epicurus of Samos

The light was emitted in the from of rays,
which upon entering the eye simulated the
the sense of sight.

Leonardo da Vinci

He wrote that the waves of light were separated
from a body, spreading in circles to fill the space
around them.

Descartes

The light was pressure which was propagated
in a dense universe full of particles,and it was
perceived through vibrations.

Issac Newton

He could explain the phenomena related to
reflection and refraction by the corpuscular theory.

Christian Huygens

He formalized the wave theory and demonstrated
the laws of reflection and refraction.

Thomas Young

Made the first convincing demostration about the nature
of light upon discovering that, under certain conditions,
light had characteristics of superposition.

Jean Foucault

Show that the speed of light through
solid or liquids was slower than air.

James Clerk Maxwell

The light is an electromagnetic wave of
high frequency that is displaced in a vacuum.

Rudolf Hertz

The light presents the phenomena
of reflection, and diffraction.

Max Planck

Explain the radiation emitted by a black body, and proposed
that the thermal energy emitted by a body is presented in "quanta" which are called photons.

Albert Einstein

He explained the Photoelectric Effect

Galileo Galilei

It was based on the distance between two towers, from where an observer will send signals with flashlights at night, although he only confirm that the light is transmitted instantaneously

Olaus Roemer

Based on the irregularity of the eclipses of Jupiter's moons, and found a variation of 1300s and realized that it was the time it took for light to reach Earth from Jupiter

V=s/t=3x10^11m/1300s=2.31x10^8m/s

A.H.L Fizeau

In his experiment, light passes between two teeth on the wheel, then passes through the mirror and back between two other teeth knowing the distance between the wheel and the mirror, the number of teeth, the angular velocity, and the speed of light.

3.13x10^8m/s

Albert A. Michelson

Used Folcault's method, which replaced the rotating cogwheel
with a rotating mirror. He obtained accurate measures to determine the speed of light in air.

2.997925x10^8m/s

Electromagnetic

Is made up pf the different kinds of electromagnetic radiation in an electric and magnetic field. There are transverse waves. We can see how wavelength decreases progressively beginning with the wave length of short radio waves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X and gamma rays. Each region of the spectrum has its own characteristics

Velocity propagation of all electromagnetic radiation
300000 km/s in a vacuum.

General ecuation
c= λf

Region of visible light
1nm=10^-9 m=10^-7

Visible

Is only a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Is located between the wavelengths of 400nm for UV light and 700nm for infrared. The light that passes through a prism is dispersed, and a band of colors appears: violet,blue, green and brown

White light

Is constituted by the superposition of
the colors of the rainbow.

The spectrum of colors that forms white light
in air or in a vacuum have the same speed.

Red light

Frequency: 3x10^14 Hz

Wavelength: 700 nm

Is a least refracted and deflected

Violet light

Frequency: 8x10^14 Hz

Wavelength: 400 nm

Is the most refracted and deflected

Characteristics

Are transparent objects of crystal or plastic limited by two surfaces: spherical and flat

Are used for construct telescopes, photographic cameras,glasses, etc.

They can be conceived as a set of prisms they alter the shape of a front of waves passing from one medium to another.

Types

Converging

Converges and refracts a parallel light a focal point beyond the lens. Are thicker in the center and taper at their ends, they amplify the images.

Diverging

Refracts and diverges parallel light from a focal point in front of the lens, are thinner at their centers than at their ends, are common for people with myopia.

Parts

Axis

Is the straight line that passes horizontally through the center

Central plane

Is perpendicular to the main axis

Focus

The light rays pass parallel to its axis in converging lenses, and in diverging lenses passing through the lens from a beam of parallel ray as they exist the focal point.

The trajectory of a refracted ray at the surface separating the two mediums is directly reversible.

Index of refraction

Is calculated by the ratio of the speed of light in the first and second medium.

n= sinθi/sinθrc=v1/v2

Is for two transparent mediums in which the ratio between the sine of the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction

n= sinθi/sinθrc

In a vacuum or air the refractive index of the medium is the ratio between velocities of light and the speed of light.

n1sinθ1=n2sinθ2

Total internal Reflection

If the angle of incidence is sufficiently large, the refraction can reach 90° and the refracted ray will disappear.

Critical angle

The angle of incidence in which the total internal reflection is characteristic of each medium.

Plane

Its surfaceis flat,the virtual image is
symetrical in reality and inside the mirror,
since they have the same distance,
the images are the reflections of the objects,
the real image is shaped by true rays of light
that pass through it.

Spherical

Concave

The surface of the inside part of
a sphere is reflective. Is called
"Convergring mirror".

Convex

The reflective surface of the
outside part of the mirror is
spherical.

Parts

Radius (R)

Center (C)

Vertex (V)

Focal Point (F)

In which the rays reflected
coincide in the mind point
of the radius of curvature.

Principal rays in mirrors:
production of images

Parallel ray to the
axis of the mirror

Is reflected, passes through the focus in
a concave mirror and comes from the
focus of a convex mirror.

Focal ray

Passes through the focus and is reflected
parallel to the axis of the mirror

Main ray

Passes through the center of the curvature, is reflected
along the length of the trajectory of the original ray.

Describes how the light returns to its original medium as a result of an impact on a surface.

When the light touches the surface of an object is reflected in all directions.

If the surfaces is a smooth, the rays are reflected or repulsed in a single direction.

Is a mirror when the surfaces is a smooth and reflects the rays of light received.

Incident: the ray of light that reaches the mirror

Reflected: The ray of light that are repulsed.

Law of reflection

The ray of light that touches a surface with one angle of incidence is reflected with one angle of reflection, and these angles are equals and are measured from a line perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence.

Diffuse reflection

An incident ray of light touches an irregular surface, the ray of light reflected is not well.defined and the light is scattered in all directions.

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