Protista are primarily unicellular organisms with no specialized tissues, capable of being autotrophic or heterotrophic, and possess a nucleus. Porifera, such as sponges, are simple organisms with a stomach for digestion and flagellated cells to facilitate water flow.
Characteristics:
- single celled Eukaryotas
- no cell wall
- eat food
- able to move from place to place to obtain food
- heterotrophic
Feeding Characteristics:
- they do not make their own food
- obtain food and energy by feeding
- they are consumers
3 Major Groupings
Placental
Representative Species:
- Primates
Reproductive Strategies:
- Where substances are passed from the mother to the fetus so that it can stay longer in the womb.
- This is more superior to the marsupials because when the zygotes are born, they are more healthy than the marsupials when they are born because marsupial zygotes do not have a placenta. They must absorb nutrients from the yolk of their ovum. This results in the mother nurturing the baby marsupial after it's born for longer than what a placenta mammal would have to do to it's baby. So due to this, placenta mammals are more superior than marsupials.
Marsupials
Representative Species:
- Kangaroo
Reproductive Strategies:
- They give live birth, but they do not have long gestation times like placental mammals. Instead, they give birth very early and the young animal, essentially a helpless embryo, climbs from the mother's birth canal.
- This is more superior to monotremes because the zygote is more protected this way because it is always close to the mother. Eggs can get eaten by other animals and all eggs don't hatch due to some being infertile or zygote mortality occurs inside the egg.
Monotremes
Representative Species:
- Echidna
Reproductive Strategies:
- Monotremes are the only living mammals where females lay eggs instead of giving live birth. They produce sexually meaning they have two parents.Except during mating season, monotremes are solitary animals.
Vertebrata
Mammalia (mammals)
Representative Species:
- Bats
Adaptations:
- Mammals have fur or hair and have evolved to have full working internal systems and different modes of nutrition along with methods of avoiding prey on land and in water which helps mammals survive longer on land.
Aves (birds)
Representative Species:
- Parrot
Adaptations:
- Birds evolved to have feathers and learned to gain flight. This aids them by being above all other animals and prevents them from being hunted down by predators.
Reptilia (reptiles)
Representative Species:
- Lizards
Adaptation:
- Cold blooded air breathing vertebrates that live only on land and have scales or horny plates for protection and to aid in regulating their body temperatures by themselves. They also have developed quick strong modes of movement to avoid predators and to catch their own food.
Amphibia (amphibians)
Representative Species:
- Frogs
Adaptation:
- They spend their life in water and on land, forming both gills and lungs. The lungs will help them to live on land better because they can intake more oxygen and have acquired a proper respiratory system.
Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)
Representative Species:
- Sharks
Adaptations:
- Jawed fish with paired fins, paired nostrils, scales and skeleton made of cartilage. They have nostrils to help smell so hard skeletons start to form to keep organs and such inside of the body. This can aid with terrestrial.
Osteichthyes (bony fishes)
Representative Species:
- Cichlid
Adaptations:
- Have bone tissue as opposed to cartilage. This makes the organism stronger and more able to fend for it's self and also helps it to gain the power to move around more efficiently with speed and agility.
Agnatha (jawless fish)
Representative Species:
- Hagfish
Adaptation:
- Start off as jawless fish and can move around and hunt for food.
Cephalochordata
Urochordata
Sub Phyla
Chelicerata
Representative Species:
- Scorpion
Myriapoda
Representative Species:
- Centipedes
Crustacea
Representative Species:
- Caridean Shrimp
Hexapoda
Representative Species:
- Butterfly
Chordata
Have a back bone. This includes all birds, fish, reptiles, mammals and amphibians. They have the most complex systems and organs as well. Ex. Vertebrates, Reptiles, Amphibians, Bony fish.
Representative Species:
- Shark
Echinodermata
Bilateral symmetry in youth and radial symmetry in adults. Have no head and tons of nerves that circle the mouth and extend to the arms. Ex. Starfish, Sea urchin, Sea cucumber, Crinoid.
Representative Species:
- Starfish
Arthropoda
Have joined legs and have a hard chitin exoskeleton for internal organ protection. Gills or internal airways are also introduced with jointed appendages and many systems. Ex. Insect, Crustacean, Arachnid, Scorpion.
Representative Species:
- Crab
Mollusca
Have a foot which aids in moving. Also have a mantle for protection and visceral mass (organs). Digestive and circulatory systems more advanced with most of them being cephalized (have a head).
Representative Species:
- Octopus
Annelida
Larger growth and better movement. Have a coelum to protect their organ systems. Also has a digestive and circulatory system.
Representative Species:
- Earthworms
Nematoda
Digestive system more advanced and the two openings are more efficient.
Representative Species:
- Roundworms
Platyhelminthes
Segments were introduced most having a single opening digestive cavity. (Mouth and anus).
Representative Species:
- Flatworms
Cnidaria
Introduction of nerves and the movement with tentacles and a mode of defenses.
Representative Species:
- Jellyfish
Porifera
Considered the most simple living organism on the earth. Obtains a stomach for digestion and flagellated cells to create the floe of water.
Representative Species:
- Sponge
Animals
Phyla
Angiosperms
Representative Specie:
- Magnoliids
Adaptations:
-
Plants that produce flowers and have their seeds are covered. These are the plants that lived on land and had working methods of transporting nutrients up and down the plant and they were structurally sturdy so they could get high and get the sunlight that they needed.
Gymnosperms
Representative Specie:
- Maidenhair Tree
Adaptations:
- A vascular plant where seeds are stored inside a ripened ovary (fruit). Roots are introduced which can make life on land possible due to the roots gathering all the nutrients from underground and transporting it up into the plant using the xylem and phloem.
Seedless Vascular
Representative Specie:
- Ferns
Adaptations:
- Contain vascular tissue and do not produce flowers or seeds. They reproduce using haploid, unicellular spores. Ex. ferns. They contained a stem which was the first stage of getting nutrients to travel up the plants. This also gave the plant some structural support as it had to reach high to obtain as much sunlight as it could.
Bryophytes
Representative Specie:
- Pincushion Moss
Adaptations:
- Type of non vascular plant found near fresh water. Known as moss. The plants that started off on the water. Early stages of plants.
Plants
Characteristics:
- make their own food
- multi-cellular
- autotrophic
- chloroplasts contain chlorophyll
Major Phyla
Basidiomycota
Representative Species:
- Agaricales
Reproductive Structure:
- Sexual reproduction in Basidiomycota takes place in the fruiting body, in specialized structures called basidia.
- Sexual reproduction is more common than asexual.
- Sexual reproduction happens through basidiospores being born on basidia, club-shaped structures.
- Basidiomycota that reproduce asexually can be recognized as members of this phylum by gross similarity to others, by the formation of a distinctive anatomical feature.
Ascomycota
Representative Species:
- Sordariomycetes
Reproductive Structure:
- They mainly reproduce by budding and fission, yeasts also engage in sexual reproduction that results in the production of an ascus, placing them in the Ascomycota.
Zygomycota
Representative Species:
- Black bread mold
Reproductive Structure:
- Zygomycetes can develop both sexually and asexually.
- Zygomycota usually reproduce asexually by producing sporangiospores.
- Zygomycota reproduce sexually when environmental conditions become unfavorable.
- To reproduce sexually, two opposing mating strains must fuse or conjugate, thereby, sharing genetic content and creating zygospores.
Reproductive Structure:
- Chytridiomycota are unusual among the Fungi phylum, in that they reproduce with zoospores.
- For most members of Chytridiomycetes, sexual reproduction is not known.
- Asexual reproduction occurs through the release of zoospores derived through mitosis.
Fungi
Characteristics:
- non-vascular organisms
- they are multi-cellular
- gain nutrients through absorption
- they are heterotrophs
Plant-like
Dinoflagellates
Diatoms
Brown Algae
Green Algae
Animal-like
Zooflagellates
Movement Strategies:
- Flagellates that move with a whip. These protists move with a whip like extension called a flagella. The flagella is located at the front end of the cell.
Sporozoans
Movement Strategies:
Sporozoans have no physical form of movement. However, they can be moved by the currents of the blood or other fluids of their hosts.
Ciliates
Movement Strategies:
-It swims rapidly by coordinated wavelike beats of its many cilia. A paramecium normally moves forward in a corkscrew fashion but is capable of reversing direction when it encounters undesirable conditions.
Sarcodines
Movement Strategies:
- Some sarcodines also use pseudopods to move from one place to another. Others simply float.
Fungi-like
Water Molds
Slime Molds
Saprotroph
Feeding Characteristics:
- obtain their nutrition from non-living
organic materials
Heterotroph
Autotroph
Feeding Characteristics:
- obtain energy from the environment
- photosynthesis or chemo-synthesis
- they are producers
- make their own food
3 Feeding Strategies
Protista
Characteristics:
- most are unicellular, some are multi-cellular (algae)
- they have no specialized tissues
- can be heterotrophic or autotrophic
- they also have a nucleus
Representative Species
Extreme Halophiles
Thermoacidophile
Methanogens
Archaebacteria
Characteristics:
- asexual reproduction
- most can't move
- heterotrophs and autotrophs
- have cell walls that lack peptidoglycan
3 Morophologies
Spirillum
Representative Specie:
- Letospira Interrogans
Bacillus
Representative Specie:
- Serratia Marcescens
Coccus
Representative Specie:
- Staphylococcus Aureus
Eubacteria
Characteristics:
- they are unicellular, prokaryotic cells
- naked dna, single circular chromosome
- no membrane-bound organelles
- mostly asexual reproduction
Common Ancestors
Eukaryote
Characteristics:
- have a membrane-bound nucleus
- has a plasma membrane surrounding cytoplasm
- typically larger than prokaryote
- protists, fungi, plants and animals all go under this
Prokatyote
Characteristics:
- lack a nucleus and membrane- bound organelle
- have cytoplasm, cell membrane, a cell wall, dna and ribosomes
- are single-celled organisms
