Diversity of Life Concept Map

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Animal systems

由Virina Maged Atia Malty

Vetebrate animals

由Sara Reyes

TAXONOMY

由Heya Khosa - Jean Augustine SS (2612)

BIO 311D EC Map

由Saad Mallick

Characteristics: - single celled Eukaryotas - no cell wall - eat food - able to move from place to place to obtain food - heterotrophic

Feeding Characteristics: - they do not make their own food - obtain food and energy by feeding - they are consumers

3 Major Groupings

Placental

Representative Species: - Primates

Reproductive Strategies: - Where substances are passed from the mother to the fetus so that it can stay longer in the womb. - This is more superior to the marsupials because when the zygotes are born, they are more healthy than the marsupials when they are born because marsupial zygotes do not have a placenta. They must absorb nutrients from the yolk of their ovum. This results in the mother nurturing the baby marsupial after it's born for longer than what a placenta mammal would have to do to it's baby. So due to this, placenta mammals are more superior than marsupials.

Marsupials

Representative Species: - Kangaroo

Reproductive Strategies: - They give live birth, but they do not have long gestation times like placental mammals. Instead, they give birth very early and the young animal, essentially a helpless embryo, climbs from the mother's birth canal. - This is more superior to monotremes because the zygote is more protected this way because it is always close to the mother. Eggs can get eaten by other animals and all eggs don't hatch due to some being infertile or zygote mortality occurs inside the egg.

Monotremes

Representative Species: - Echidna

Reproductive Strategies: - Monotremes are the only living mammals where females lay eggs instead of giving live birth. They produce sexually meaning they have two parents.Except during mating season, monotremes are solitary animals.

Vertebrata

Mammalia (mammals)

Representative Species: - Bats

Adaptations: - Mammals have fur or hair and have evolved to have full working internal systems and different modes of nutrition along with methods of avoiding prey on land and in water which helps mammals survive longer on land.

Aves (birds)

Representative Species: - Parrot

Adaptations: - Birds evolved to have feathers and learned to gain flight. This aids them by being above all other animals and prevents them from being hunted down by predators.

Reptilia (reptiles)

Representative Species: - Lizards

Adaptation: - Cold blooded air breathing vertebrates that live only on land and have scales or horny plates for protection and to aid in regulating their body temperatures by themselves. They also have developed quick strong modes of movement to avoid predators and to catch their own food.

Amphibia (amphibians)

Representative Species: - Frogs

Adaptation: - They spend their life in water and on land, forming both gills and lungs. The lungs will help them to live on land better because they can intake more oxygen and have acquired a proper respiratory system.

Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)

Representative Species: - Sharks

Adaptations: - Jawed fish with paired fins, paired nostrils, scales and skeleton made of cartilage. They have nostrils to help smell so hard skeletons start to form to keep organs and such inside of the body. This can aid with terrestrial.

Osteichthyes (bony fishes)

Representative Species: - Cichlid

Adaptations: - Have bone tissue as opposed to cartilage. This makes the organism stronger and more able to fend for it's self and also helps it to gain the power to move around more efficiently with speed and agility.

Agnatha (jawless fish)

Representative Species: - Hagfish

Adaptation: - Start off as jawless fish and can move around and hunt for food.

Cephalochordata

Urochordata

Sub Phyla

Chelicerata

Representative Species: - Scorpion

Myriapoda

Representative Species: - Centipedes

Crustacea

Representative Species: - Caridean Shrimp

Hexapoda

Representative Species: - Butterfly

Chordata

Have a back bone. This includes all birds, fish, reptiles, mammals and amphibians. They have the most complex systems and organs as well. Ex. Vertebrates, Reptiles, Amphibians, Bony fish.

Representative Species: - Shark

Echinodermata

Bilateral symmetry in youth and radial symmetry in adults. Have no head and tons of nerves that circle the mouth and extend to the arms. Ex. Starfish, Sea urchin, Sea cucumber, Crinoid.

Representative Species: - Starfish

Arthropoda

Have joined legs and have a hard chitin exoskeleton for internal organ protection. Gills or internal airways are also introduced with jointed appendages and many systems. Ex. Insect, Crustacean, Arachnid, Scorpion.

Representative Species: - Crab

Mollusca

Have a foot which aids in moving. Also have a mantle for protection and visceral mass (organs). Digestive and circulatory systems more advanced with most of them being cephalized (have a head).

Representative Species: - Octopus

Annelida

Larger growth and better movement. Have a coelum to protect their organ systems. Also has a digestive and circulatory system.

Representative Species: - Earthworms

Nematoda

Digestive system more advanced and the two openings are more efficient.

Representative Species: - Roundworms

Platyhelminthes

Segments were introduced most having a single opening digestive cavity. (Mouth and anus).

Representative Species: - Flatworms

Cnidaria

Introduction of nerves and the movement with tentacles and a mode of defenses.

Representative Species: - Jellyfish

Porifera

Considered the most simple living organism on the earth. Obtains a stomach for digestion and flagellated cells to create the floe of water.

Representative Species: - Sponge

Animals

Phyla

Angiosperms

Representative Specie: - Magnoliids

Adaptations: - Plants that produce flowers and have their seeds are covered. These are the plants that lived on land and had working methods of transporting nutrients up and down the plant and they were structurally sturdy so they could get high and get the sunlight that they needed.

Gymnosperms

Representative Specie: - Maidenhair Tree

Adaptations: - A vascular plant where seeds are stored inside a ripened ovary (fruit). Roots are introduced which can make life on land possible due to the roots gathering all the nutrients from underground and transporting it up into the plant using the xylem and phloem.

Seedless Vascular

Representative Specie: - Ferns

Adaptations: - Contain vascular tissue and do not produce flowers or seeds. They reproduce using haploid, unicellular spores. Ex. ferns. They contained a stem which was the first stage of getting nutrients to travel up the plants. This also gave the plant some structural support as it had to reach high to obtain as much sunlight as it could.

Bryophytes

Representative Specie: - Pincushion Moss

Adaptations: - Type of non vascular plant found near fresh water. Known as moss. The plants that started off on the water. Early stages of plants.

Plants

Characteristics: - make their own food - multi-cellular - autotrophic - chloroplasts contain chlorophyll

Major Phyla

Basidiomycota

Representative Species: - Agaricales

Reproductive Structure: - Sexual reproduction in Basidiomycota takes place in the fruiting body, in specialized structures called basidia. - Sexual reproduction is more common than asexual. - Sexual reproduction happens through basidiospores being born on basidia, club-shaped structures. - Basidiomycota that reproduce asexually can be recognized as members of this phylum by gross similarity to others, by the formation of a distinctive anatomical feature.

Ascomycota

Representative Species: - Sordariomycetes

Reproductive Structure: - They mainly reproduce by budding and fission, yeasts also engage in sexual reproduction that results in the production of an ascus, placing them in the Ascomycota.

Zygomycota

Representative Species: - Black bread mold

Reproductive Structure: - Zygomycetes can develop both sexually and asexually. - Zygomycota usually reproduce asexually by producing sporangiospores. - Zygomycota reproduce sexually when environmental conditions become unfavorable. - To reproduce sexually, two opposing mating strains must fuse or conjugate, thereby, sharing genetic content and creating zygospores.

Chytridiomycota

Representative Species: Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis

Reproductive Structure: - Chytridiomycota are unusual among the Fungi phylum, in that they reproduce with zoospores. - For most members of Chytridiomycetes, sexual reproduction is not known. - Asexual reproduction occurs through the release of zoospores derived through mitosis.

Fungi

Characteristics: - non-vascular organisms - they are multi-cellular - gain nutrients through absorption - they are heterotrophs

Plant-like

Dinoflagellates

Diatoms

Brown Algae

Green Algae

Animal-like

Zooflagellates

Movement Strategies: - Flagellates that move with a whip. These protists move with a whip like extension called a flagella. The flagella is located at the front end of the cell.

Sporozoans

Movement Strategies: Sporozoans have no physical form of movement. However, they can be moved by the currents of the blood or other fluids of their hosts.

Ciliates

Movement Strategies: -It swims rapidly by coordinated wavelike beats of its many cilia. A paramecium normally moves forward in a corkscrew fashion but is capable of reversing direction when it encounters undesirable conditions.

Sarcodines

Movement Strategies: - Some sarcodines also use pseudopods to move from one place to another. Others simply float.

Fungi-like

Water Molds

Slime Molds

Saprotroph

Feeding Characteristics: - obtain their nutrition from non-living organic materials

Heterotroph

Autotroph

Feeding Characteristics: - obtain energy from the environment - photosynthesis or chemo-synthesis - they are producers - make their own food

3 Feeding Strategies

Protista

Characteristics: - most are unicellular, some are multi-cellular (algae) - they have no specialized tissues - can be heterotrophic or autotrophic - they also have a nucleus

Representative Species

Extreme Halophiles

Thermoacidophile

Methanogens

Archaebacteria

Characteristics: - asexual reproduction - most can't move - heterotrophs and autotrophs - have cell walls that lack peptidoglycan

3 Morophologies

Spirillum

Representative Specie: - Letospira Interrogans

Bacillus

Representative Specie: - Serratia Marcescens

Coccus

Representative Specie: - Staphylococcus Aureus

Eubacteria

Characteristics: - they are unicellular, prokaryotic cells - naked dna, single circular chromosome - no membrane-bound organelles - mostly asexual reproduction

Common Ancestors

Eukaryote

Characteristics: - have a membrane-bound nucleus - has a plasma membrane surrounding cytoplasm - typically larger than prokaryote - protists, fungi, plants and animals all go under this

Prokatyote

Characteristics: - lack a nucleus and membrane- bound organelle - have cytoplasm, cell membrane, a cell wall, dna and ribosomes - are single-celled organisms