Science
Main topic
Methods of Separation
Chemical
Oxidation
Using a chemical reaction to oxidize one component of a compound
Chemical Extraction
Uses reagents to react selectively with specific components of the mixture
Electrolysis
Using electrical energy to decompose a compound into its components
Precipitation
Using a chemical reaction to form an insoluble solid (precipitate) which can then be separated
Physical
Decantation
Allowing a mixture of a solid and a liquid to separate due to gravity
Sublimation
When a substance converts from a solid to a gas and leaves the liquid behind
Crystallization
Separating components of a liquid mixture by allowing crystals to form
Chromatography
Separating a mixture through stationary phases at different speeds
Extraction
Separating insoluble solutes from soluble solutes
Magnetism
The separation of magnetic particles from non-magnetic particles using magnets
Distillation
Using condensation and boiling to separate mixtures
Filtration
The separation of an insoluble solid from a liquid
Sifting
The separation of smaller particles from larger particles using a sift with holes
Evaporation
The liquid converts to a gas, leaving the solid particles behind
Solvents And Solutes
The Universal Solvent
When we use water to rinse soap away, the soap (along with other “attached” substances) will “attach” to the water and wash it all away.
We use soap to clean things because it is both polar (on one end) and non-polar (on the other end) and can literally “attach” to any other substance, including non-polar substances, such as oil and grease.
Water dissolves more substances than any other liquid. Polar substances can dissolve easily in water because water is also polar. “Polar” means that there is both a positive and negative charge. Salt is also polar, so it dissolves well into water. Oil is not polar, so it does not mix with water.
Examples
Chlorinated pool water (chlorine is the solute, water is the solvent)
Jello (jello powder is the solute, hot water is the solvent)
Hot chocolate (chocolate powder is the solute, milk or water is the solvent)
Chocolate milk (chocolate sauce is the solute, milk is the solvent)
Sugar water (sugar is the solute, water is the solvent)
Salt water (salt is the solute, water is the solvent)
Solutes
The solubility of gases decreases as the temperature of the solvent increases
The solubility of a solute increases as the temperature of the solvent increases
Generally the smaller part of the solution
If a solute does not easily dissolve, it is called “insoluble”
If a solute easily dissolves, it is called “soluble”
A substance that gets dissolved (e.g., salt, sugar, jello powder, chlorine tablets)
Solvents
Generally the larger part of the solution
A substance that has dissolving capabilities (e.g., water, saliva, milk, tea)
Pure Substances and Mixtures
Mixtures Examples
Coke
Salad dressing
Salt water
Mixed nuts
Salad
Pure Substances Examples
Iron (Fe)
Hydrogen (H)
Helium (He)
Gold (Au)
Oxygen (O)
Water (H2O)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Mixtures
Can only be separated through a physical process (e.g., boiling salt water to separate water vapour from salt)
Variable composition and properties
A combination of two or more pure substances
Pure Substances
All molecules/atoms in a pure substance have the same composition and properties
Can be separated by a chemical process (e.g., using electrolysis to separate hydrogen and oxygen atoms in water)
A molecule is a combination of atoms that are chemically bonded to create one substance
A compound is a combination of two or more elements, bonded together as a molecule
If it has only one type of atom, it is an element
A pure element can be found on the periodic table
Constant composition and properties
Contains only one type of atom or molecule
Elements and/or compounds
Matter Cycles in an Ecosystem
Only 2% of the water on Earth is fresh water. It is being contaminated by human activities and needs to be protected. It is also being used faster than it can be replenished through the water cycle.
Precipitation is water falling from the clouds, in the form or rain, snow, sleet, or hail.
Condensation is when water vapour collects back into liquid form (e.g., clouds).
Evaporation is when liquid water turns into water vapour.
Water evaporates from lakes and oceans and condenses into clouds. When clouds get too heavy, they release the water as precipitation. Precipitation can either land back into lakes and oceans, or on land. When it lands on land, it creates run-off, slowly making it’s way across land toward a body of water. Sometimes, this water seeps into the ground and becomes ground water, also making its way toward a nearby body of water.
The carbon cycle is a natural process that can sustain itself indefinitely. However, humans are adding addition carbon dioxide into the environment, making the carbon cycle less sustainable.
The carbon dioxide in our atmosphere is used by plants through photosynthesis. It is then released and recycled back into the ground by decomposers when plants die, or it is released when plants burn. Some of this carbon sinks deeper into the Earth, creating fossil fuels over millions of years. Some is released back intot he atmosphere. All living matter contains carbon that can be recycled when organisms die - even humans. When humans exhale, we add carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. Vehicles and factories are adding additional carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as well.
A sustainable ecosystem is one that allows all organisms to continue to thrive.
All three are types of decomposers. Scavengers (e.g., vultures) feed on dead animals, detrivores (e.g., worms) feed on the remains of dead plants and animals, and smaller decomposers (e.g., fungi, bacteria) feed on the waste left behind by detrivores.
Everything that is on Earth or in our atmosphere will remain so forever. No new matter will be added (meteorites are an exception), and no matter will escape.
Food Webs
Sunlight is the initial source of energy in all food chains/webs.
When one species is removed from a food web, there will be a food source missing. This could lead to greater competition for food among the organisms that used to depend on that species for energy. It could also lead to other organisms leaving the food web, due to a lack of food.
Producers are the starting point of all food chains or food webs.
Scavengers feed on already dead animals (similar to a decomposer)
Detrivores are organisms that obtain nutrients by feeding on large parts of decaying animals and plants, and on waste material. They leave behind their own waste material that decomposers then feed on to further break down
Producers produce their own energy from non-living materials, while consumers need to get their energy from eating other living things (e.g., plants, animals).
UN Sustainble Development Goals
Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development
Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development
Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
Reduce inequality within and among countries
Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all
Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
End poverty in all its forms everywhere.
The Four Spheres of Earth
Biosphere
Includes all biomes
Includes biotic (living) factors on Earth
"Bio" means life
Hydrosphere
Oceans, rivers, lakes, streams, waterfalls, glaciers, underground water
Includes all forms of water on Earth
“Hydro” means water
Atmosphere
5 layers of atmosphere…
Troposphere: weather layer, closest to Earth
Stratosphere: contains greenhouse gases and ozone
Mesosphere: coldest layer
Thermosphere: warmest layer, satellites
Exosphere: thinnest, most outer layer
Carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, oxygen, nitrogen
Includes all gases around the Earth
“Atmo” means gases
Geosphere
Dirt, rocks, mountains, volcanoes, sand
Only includes abiotic (non-living) factors
Includes everything in the solid Earth
“Geo” means ground
WHMIS
Required Sections on SDS
Identification
Hazardous Identification
Composition/Information on Ingredients
First Aid Measures
Fire Fighting Measures
Accidental Release Measures
Handling and Storage
Exposure Control/Personal Protection
Physical and Chemical Properties
Stability and Reactivity
Toxilogical Information
Ecological Information
Disposal Considerations
Transportation Information
Regulatory Information
Other Information
The Purpose of SDS
Provides detailed information about a product’s properties, its hazards, and how to prevent overexposure
When a hazardous material in the workplace is made for use in the workplace
When a hazardous material is decanted from an original container into another
When the original supplier label is unreadable or missing
Workplace
Product Identifier
Signal Word
Pictogram/Hazard Identification
Personal Protective Equipment
Other Information
Supplier
Product Identifier
Signal Word
Pictogram
Hazard Statement
Precautionary Statement
Supplement Label
Supplier’s Identifie
Environmental
(Environmental)
Hazardous to the aquatic environment
On imported products and SDS
Avoid pouring the substance into the sink or near sewers
Biohazard Material
(Chemical)
Serious disease resulting in illness
Fatal
Avoid contamination
Wear personal protective equipment
Exclamation Mark
(Chemical)
Irritation to eyes or skin
Allergic reaction
Avoid mixing with other chemical avoid contact on the face and body
Health Hazard
(Chemical)
Poisonous
Fatal
Permanent damage with repetitive exposure
Avoid contact with skin or eyes
Avoid inhalation
Wear personal protective equipment
Skull & Crossbones
(Chemical)
Potentially fatal
Do not inhale or swallow
Wear personal protective equipment
Avoid inhalation
Exploding Bomb
(Physical)
Explosion danger due to chemical reactions
Self-reactive
May explode if heated or dropped
No mixing chemicals
Keep away from sources of ignition
The Corrosion
(Physical)
Eye & skin irritation
Tissue damage with prolonged contact
Harmful if inhaled
Wear personal protective equipment
Avoid inhaling
Wear respiratory protection
Flame Over Circle
(Physical)
Fire/combustible risk
Avoid contact with combustible material
Keep away from ignition sources
The Flame
(Physical)
Fire hazard/will burn
May cause fire due to friction
Keep away from heat sources
Never smoke
Ensure proper storage
Ensure container is bonded or grounded when decanting
Gas Cylinder (Physical)
Explosion danger
Gas under pressure
Explode if dropped or heated
Handle with care
Avoid dropping
Keep away from sources of ignition
Secure container during transportation, storage, or use
Environmental Hazards
Hazardous to the aquatic environment
Hazardous to the ozone laye
Health Hazards
Acute toxicity
Skin corrosion/irritation
Serious eye damage/eye irritation
Respiratory or skin sensitization
Germ cell mutagenicity
Carcinogenicity
Reproductive toxicity
Target organ systemic toxicity - single exposure
Target organ systemic toxicity - repeated exposure
Aspiration toxicity
Physical Hazards
Explosives
Flammable gases
Flammable aerosols
Flammable liquids
Flammable solids
Gases under pressure
Organic peroxides
Corrosive to metals
Pyrophoric liquids
Pyrophoric solids
Self-heating substances
Self-reactive substances
Substances which, in contact with water emit flammable gases
Oxidizing liquids
Oxidizing solids
Oxidizing gases
It defines and classifies the hazards of chemical products, and communicates information on health and safety through labels and safety data sheets (SDS)
The purpose of GHS is to unify classification of chemicals, provide improved consistency, reduce confusion, and ensure proper usage
The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals
WHMIS became the law in 1988
Implemented in Ontario by:
OHSA
WHMIS Regulation
Canada wide under Federal Legislation
In February 2015, the federal government published the Hazard Product Regulation and amended the Hazardous Product Act
Ensure workers know and apply safe work procedures
Ensure workers know how to respond in an emergency
Ensure employers and workers have consistent information about hazardous products
Reduce workplace injuries and illnesses
Science Doctionary
Non-polar
A molecule that has no electrical charges
Polar
A molecule with one side being positively charged and the other side being negatively charged
Saturated
A state where a substance has reached the maximum amount of space it can take up within another substance
Concentrated
higher concentration of a solute in a solution by adding more solvent
Diluted
lowered concentration of a solute in a solution by adding more solvent
A substance that cannot dissolve in a solvent to form a solution
A substance that can dissolve in a solvent to form a solution
Tyndall Effect
When light scatters as it passes through a colloid making the light beam visible
Colloid
A mixture of two substances where one substance’s particles are suspended in the other
Suspension
A heterogeneous mixture of solid particles and a fluid, where the particles do not dissolve in the fluid
Heterogenous
A mixture that is not uniform in composition and is made up of different elements or ingredients
Homogeneous
A mixture that is so well blended that it’s ingredients will not separate over time
Solvent
A substance with the ability to dissolve other substances to form a solution
Solute
A substance that dissolves in a solvent to form a solution
Molecule
The smallest unit of a compound made up of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded together
Atom
The smallest part of the substance that cannot be broken down chemically
Pure Element
An element or compound made up of one type of particle
Compound
A substance made up of two or more different chemical elements
Solution
A homogenous type of mixture with two or more types of substances
Mixture
A substance made by mixing other substances together
Pure Substance
A single substance made of only one type of particle
Fragmentation
When parts of a habitat are destroyed, leaving behind smaller, unconnected areas
Extirpation
Removal of a species from an ecosystem
Detrivore
Animals that feed on large waste
Omnivore
An animal that will eat almost anything
Carnivore
An animal that mostly eats meat
Herbivore
An animal that doesn’t eat meat
Scavenger
A animal that looks for leftovers of consumers
Food web
A model that shows how food chains are connected
Food chain
A sequence that shows how nutrients and energy are passed to one another.
Photosynthesis
A process where plant use water sunlight carbon dioxide to make food
Organisms that break down other dead animals
Apex predators
A consumer at the top of the food chain
Tertiary consumers
Consumers that eat secondary consumers
Secondary consumers
Consumers that eat primary consumers for energy
A consumer that eats producers for energy
Consumers (heterotrophs)
Organisms that need to eat other organisms for energy
Producers (autotrophs)
Organisms that produce their own energy
(e.g., photosynthesis)
Secondary succession
The slow change in species in an established community after the community has been disturbed
Primary succession
Happens in areas where there has never been any life
The predictable and orderly change over time in the types of organisms in an ecosystem
Community
Consists of all the populations of all the species that live together in a particular area
Population
Groupings of species within a community
Biomes
Terrestrial (land) ecosystems
Abiotic factors
Non-living components of an ecosystem
Biotic factors
Living components of an ecosystem
Ecosystem
Consists of a community of organisms (biotic factors) together with their physical environment (abiotic factors): Types… Land and aquatic (marine or fresh water)
Important Terms
Non-polar molecules
A molecule with no charge
Wood, oil, chalk, helium, methane
Polar molecules
A molecule where one end is slightly positively charged and the other end is slightly negatively charged
Water molecule, sulfur dioxide
Insoluble
The incapability of being dissolved in a solvent
Piece of wood in water, chalk, oil in water, metal
Soluble
The property of a solute to dissolve in a solid, liquid, or gaseous solvent
Salt or sugar
Unsaturated solution
A solution that has a solute that completely dissolves, leaving no remaining substances
Adding a small amount of sugar to coffee
Saturated solution
A solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a solvent; any additional solute will sit in the bottom of the solvent
Adding sugar to water until it can no longer dissolve
Concentration
The quantity of solute present in a given quantity of solvent
A “double double” at Tim Hortons is a coffee with 2 cream and 2 sugar
Concentrated solution
When there is a relatively large amount of solute dissolved in a solution
Frozen juice before it is mixed with water
Dilute solution
When there is a relatively small amount of solute dissolved in a solution
1 Tbsp of salt dissolved in 1 L of water
Solutions
Colloid: heterogeneous mixtures that do not separate (e.g., paint, blood, milk, coloured glass, mayonnaise)
Colloid: a heterogeneous mixture that does not separate (e.g., blood, paint, milk)
Tyndall Effect: the effect of scattering light inside a colloid or suspension
Suspension: when a mixture has particles that are incapable of being dissolved in water and are big enough to scatter light around them (e.g., flour and water, sand and water)
All solutions are mixtures, but not all mixtures are solutions
Solute: something that is dissolved into a solvent to make a solution
Solvent: something that is able to dissolve in other substances
Solvents and solutes combine to make solutions
Heterogenous: when two or more mixtures are physically separated with some division between them (e.g., ice in soda, cereal, salad, blood, soil)
Homogenous: uniform composition throughout (e.g., steel, air, wine)
Example: powdered drink mix in water, salt water, dish water
A homogenous mixture formed when a substance (solute) in dissolved in anothersubstance (solvent)
A subcategory of mixtures
Indigenous Worldview
Indigenous Worldview: Based on the assumption that all living things are equally important
Taking only what you need
Giving back to the land
Importance is based on a circle, where all things are included and nothing is “more” important
Western Worldview: Based on the assumption that man is superior
All living things are part of a hierarchy
Misusing, mistreating, or disrespecting other life
Importance is based on a “ladder” perspective
A worldview defines how we see the world around us and our place in it (e.g., attitudes, values, stories, expectations). It guides our thoughts and actions, and is expressed through our ethics, religion, philosophy, and beliefs.
Energy flow in Ecosystems
A trophic level is the position occupied by an organism in a food chain.
Producers make up the first trophic level.
Primary consumers make up the second trophic level.
Secondary consumers make up the third trophic level.
Tertiary consumers make up the top trophic level.
Earth's Major Biomes
Ice
Marine
Fresh Water
Savanna
Grassland
Taiga
Tundra
Desert
Temperate Forest
Tropical Rain Forest
Ecosystems
Aquatic/Marine
Rocks,sand,shells
Rock lobster, shrimp, clams, mussels
Coral,seals dolphins, sharks, octopuses and pajama sharks
Sea urchins, oysters,Zebra Seabream, Hottentot Seabream and sponges
Primary Consumers
Kelp,algae,Sea grass
On Land
Biotic Factors
Decomposers
Fungi, Bacteria, Insects
Secondary Consumers
Snakes, Birds, Big Cats
Producers
Trees, Vines, Shrubs
Primary consumers
Deer, Monkeys, Insects
Abiotic Factors
Rocks,sand, dirt
Succession
Secondary Succession
When a major event reduces the already established ecosystem, starting a succession with pre-existing soil
Primary Succession
A certain Speices replace another species in an ecosystem
