Unit 3: Intimate Relationships

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Mindmap Unit 2

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Current statistics and/or demographics

Those at a higher risk

Females 25 to 29 years old have the highest risk of being killed by their intimate partner (Burczycka, 2015)

For women, the lowest risk of intimate partner homicide was found in those aged 65 and over at a rate of 2 victims per million. (Burczycka, 2015)

The gap of risk between females and males was smallest among those aged 55 to 59. (Burczycka, 2015)

Female victims in an older age group were 14 times more likely to be victims of intimate partner homicide. (Burczycka, 2015)

Men aged 15 to 19 were at the lowest risk. (Burczycka, 2015)

Between 2005 and 2015, 74% of the acts of violence between partners was committed by a current or former legally married or common-law spouse. (Burczycka, 2015)

Women have always been higher risk of intimate partner homicide, with a rate about five times higher than that of men in 2015. (Burczycka, 2015)

With about 5 female victims to every 1 male victim per every million people. (Burczycka, 2015)

The largest decrease in intimate partner homicides can be seen among male victims. (Burczycka, 2015)

The rate of intimate partner homicide decreased by 6% between 2014 and 2015, continuing a decades-long trend of decline. (Burczycka, 2015)

Rate of intimate partner sexual assaults

The rate of intimate partner sexual assault was 36 times higher among women than men (Burczycka, 2015)

With there being 18 female victims per 100,000 and 1 male victim per 100,000. (Burczycka, 2015)

In 2015 the rate of intimate partner sexual assaults was 7% higher than in 2014. (Burczycka, 2015)

It also raised 15% higher than in 2010

Since 2010 the rate of this kind of intimate partner violence has declined by 8%. (Burczycka, 2015)

It has increased slightly between 2014 and 2015 by 2%, from 231 to 235 victims per a population of 100,000. (Burczycka, 2015)

The rate of intimate partner physical assault is the most common type of police-reported intimate partner violence. (Burczycka, 2015)

Younger victims of intimate partner violence are more likely to be victimized by their current or former dating partners. (Burczycka, 2015)

Intimate partners make up one-third of police-reported violent crime. (Burczycka, 2015)

Police have reported that 34% of reported violence happens in current dating partner and 32% in current married couples (Burczycka, 2015)

A current or former dating partner was the perpetrator against 54% of intimate partner violence victims, (Burczycka, 2015)

Violence within dating relationships was more common than violence within spousal relationships. (Burczycka, 2015)

Being victimized by an intimate partner was the most common form of police-reported violent crime committed against women. (Burczycka, 2015)

More men relative to females were victimized by a friend or an acquaintance. (Burczycka, 2015)

36% of women compared to 15% of men have been victimized by a stranger. (Burczycka, 2015)

40% of men compared to 28% of women have been victimized by a friend. (Burczycka, 2015)

42% of women reported feeling victimized compared to 12% of men.(Burczycka, 2015)

79% victims of intimate partner violence were women. (Burczycka, 2015)

In 2015, about 92,000 Canadian citizens were victims of intimate partner violence, representing 28% of all victims of police-reported violent crime. (Burczycka, 2015)

Healthy Conflict Resolution Strategies

What determines a healthy and successful relationship (Costa, 2020)

Having an active social life together (Costa, 2020)

Having a common friend group or common interests (Costa, 2020)

Both partners having the ability to make decisions (Costa, 2020)

Having a balance of power in the relationship (Costa, 2020)

Enjoying similar fun activities (Costa, 2020)

Having similar values (Costa, 2020)

Strategies on managing relationship conflicts (Costa, 2020)

being open to reaching a compromise by negotiating a solution that suits both people (Costa, 2020)

Responding and communicating with a positive attitude (Costa, 2020)

Recognize your own influence on the interaction and the other person’s response (Costa, 2020)

Trying to understand the other person’s perspective. (Costa, 2020)

Focusing on the issue at hand and taking on one problem at a time (Costa, 2020)

Express opinions and being openly honest with each other (Costa, 2020)

Explanations for marriage (Theoretical Perspectives)

Theories

Functionalism

A theory of society that focuses on the structures that create the society and on how the society is able to remain stable. (Functionalism, 2018)

Life- Course perspective

Theory that seeks to understand the multiple factors that shape people’s lives from the beginning until the end of a person's life (Hutchison, 2010)

Symbolic Interactionalism

The is about the role of language in the formation of people in relationships or children as a social being. (Learning Sociology, 2018)

Social behavior that emphasizes linguistics and communication. (Learning Sociology, 2018)

Exchange Theory

Social exchange states that it is the valuing of the benefits and costs of each relationship that determine whether or not we choose to continue a social association. (Cherry, 2019)

The average ages of marriage

In 2008

Women got married at age 30 (Costa, 2020)

Men got married at age 32 (Costa, 2020)

In 1960 - 1970

Women got married at age 23 (Costa, 2020)

Men got married at age 25 (Costa, 2020)

In 1950

Women got married at age 26 (Costa, 2020)

Men got married at age 29 (Costa, 2020)

Separation and divorce

Marriages that can end in either Annulment or Divorce (Costa, 2020)

Responsibilities behind family law

Includes: separation, divorce, custody, child or spousal support, etc. (Costa, 2020)

Types of marriages/ Families

Remarriage

a second marriage that takes place after a separation from a previous spouse

Single parent families

Lone parent families can be a result of a divorce, seperation, or death of a spouse (Costa, 2020)

Division of labour

Roles seen within a marriage

Women often care for children and do household work

Men often financially provide for the family

Polygamy

One person who engages in multiple relationships at the same time (Costa, 2020)

Common law marriage

A couple who has lived together for more than a year. Similar to a married couple, but without the marital status (Costa, 2020)

Same sex marriage

A married couple where both individuals are the same gender (Costa, 2020)

Intimacy

Domains of Intimacy

Recreational Intimacy (Costa, 2020)

Sexual Intimacy (Costa, 2020)

Social Intimacy (Costa, 2020)

Intellectual Intimacy (Costa, 2020)

Emotional Intimacy (Costa, 2020)

Issues in couple relationships

Conflicts within relationships

Sources of conflict in a relationship (Costa, 2020)

Household tasks (Costa, 2020)

Financial situation (Costa, 2020)

Debt brought into marriage (Costa, 2020)

Frequency of sexual relations (Costa, 2020)

Balancing job and family (Costa, 2020)

Conflicts are natural in relationships and include issues that a couple faces together (Costa, 2020)

Various crises can appear in a relationship

Family Life Cycle Frame work

This explains that crises faced in relationships can be categorized as normal and predicable (Costa, 2020)

Non normative crises include (Costa, 2020)

Infidelity, causing family conflicts such as divorce (Costa, 2020)

Illness, causing financial issues and emotional distress (Costa, 2020)

Infertility, the inability to have children (Costa, 2020)

Unemployment or being laid off of work (Costa, 2020)

Normal crises include (Costa, 2020)

Growing old together (Costa, 2020)

Retirement of parents (Costa, 2020)

Children leaving home or moving out (Costa, 2020)

Teenage dilemmas that come with having children (Costa, 2020)

Giving birth to a child (Costa, 2020)

adjustment to marriage (Costa, 2020)

Healthy Relationships

Dealing with small conflicts

Arguments:

Step back:

when tempers are hot, take a break. Suggest that you talk about it in a day or two, after you’ve both had time to cool off and think. (Costa, 2020)

Address the problem:

Shows what the desired change is. The goal is for a solution rather than winning the argument. (Costa, 2020)

Don’t accuse:

Explain your feelings rather than blame or accuse the other person. (Costa, 2020)

Bad approach to the situation: “You think I’m an idiot.” (Costa, 2020)

Good approach to the situation: “I felt hurt and embarrassed (Costa, 2020)

Stay calm:

try to speak calmly, no matter how upset they may be. (Costa, 2020)

Signs of an unhealthy relationship

Pressure:

your partner pushes you to do things you don’t want to do or aren’t ready for, including sex or using drugs and alcohol. They don’t take “no” for an answer and they use threats or ultimatums. (Costa, 2020)

Unpredictability:

your partner gets angry easily and you don’t know what will set them off. You feel like you’re walking on eggshells. (Costa, 2020)

Humiliation:

your partner calls you names, puts you down or makes you feel bad in front of others. (Costa, 2020)

Control:

your partner tells you what to do, what to wear or who to hang out with. They constantly check up on you or use threats to make you do things. (Costa, 2020)

ie: to harm one's self

Physical abuse:

your partner pushes you, hits you or destroys your things. (Costa, 2020)

Signs of a healthy relationship

Feeling safe:

Feeling threatened is an example of an unhealth relationships (Costa, 2020)

Both partners should safe emotional and physical (Costa, 2020)

Trust:

The ability to feel safe with someone and rely on someone (Costa, 2020)

Trust includes believing that someone will be honest with you and keep their promises. (Costa, 2020)

Respect:

Gaining respect and support each other (Costa, 2020)

Respecting everyone’s boundaries to not make anyone uncomfortable. (Costa, 2020)

Listening to each other’s concerns. (Costa, 2020)

Good communication skills:

To ask each other what you’re thinking and feeling and you listen to each other. (Costa, 2020)

To discuss things that are important to you or your relationship. (Costa, 2020)

Honesty:

To feel comfortable discussing problems or concerns in a relationship. (Costa, 2020)

Being yourself:

To feel comfortable around your partner. (Costa, 2020)

It’s important to be yourself and express yourself (Costa, 2020)

Theories of Attraction and Mate Selection

Complementary Needs:

The process where individuals select partners whose needs are opposite and complementary to their own. (Costa, 2020)

This is also by choosing a partner whose strengths compensate for one’s weaknesses (Costa, 2020)

Ie: A quiet individual seeking a relationship with a louder and extroverted person (Costa, 2020)

This is similar to the saying " opposites attract" (Costa, 2020)

This is done so that the partner can fulfill needs and gaps that the individual may have. (Costa, 2020)

Social Exchange Theory:

When people analyse the pros and cons of being in that relationship. (Costa, 2020)

The relationship often lasts if one or both parties feel that there are more positives that outweigh the negatives present. (Costa, 2020)

More positives than negatives (Costa, 2020)

Results in a longer lasting relationship (Costa, 2020)

More negatives than positives (Costa, 2020)

Results in a non sustainable relationship (Costa, 2020)

Ideal Mate Theory:

A person’s image of the ideal mate is formed from their perceptions and personal taste (Costa, 2020)

The way a person was raised (Costa, 2020)

Differnt life experiences (Costa, 2020)

socio-economic factors they value (Costa, 2020)

cultural factors (Costa, 2020)

ie: of the physical appearance (Costa, 2020)

This theory states that attraction is based on an individual’s image of the “ideal mate” (Costa, 2020)

This theory supports the idea of “love at first sight” (Costa, 2020)

Social Homogamy:

Sociologists suggest that individuals are attracted to people that are similar to them (Costa, 2020)

Ie: Similarities in appearance, age, race, religion, education and socio-economic status (Costa, 2020)

Historical Preferences:

The most favorable characteristics people have looked for in a potential partner (Costa, 2020)

Ie: Men are attracted to fertile women Various physical preferences (Costa, 2020)

Ability to bear healthy babies and feed them (Costa, 2020)

For women to have an hour-glass figure (Costa, 2020)

Ie: Women are attracted to good providers (Costa, 2020)

People who provider for offspring (Costa, 2020)

People who appear strong and aggressive (Costa, 2020)

Evolutionary Psychology:

States that sexual attraction can date to our prehistoric ancestors (Costa, 2020)

Sexual selection is done to ensure the procreation and survival of children (Costa, 2020)

Mate selection is decided based on sexual selection (Costa, 2020)

Ie: Most attractive most likely to survive and therefore reproduce for generations (Costa,2020)