Categorising LLS

Direct

Memory

Making associations between new and already known information through use of formula, phrase, verse

Cognitive

Making associations between new and already known information

Compensation

Using context to make up for missing information in reading and writing

Indirect

Metacognitive

Controlling own cognition through the co-ordination of the planning, organisation and evaluation of the learning process

Affective

Emotions, motivation and attitude towards learning

Social

The interaction with other learners to improve language learning and cultural understanding

Communication

less directly related to language learning since their focus is on the process of participating in a conversation and getting meaning across or clarifying what the speaker intended.

Social

Activities that expose learners to practise their knowledge

Contribute indirectly towards learning

Cognitive

Limited to certain learning task consisting more direct manipulation of learning material

Repetition, translation, note taking, contextualization, elaboration, etc.

Metacognitive

Require planning for learning, thinking about learning process, monitoring of ones production comprehension and evaluating learning after an activity is completed

Socioeffective

cooperation and questions for clarification