- Grow in cold climates
(15°C or lower)
- Adapt to extreme environmental conditions
- Live in eccosystems like deep oceans,
polar surface and permafrost
- Have the ability to tolerate
high temperature and acidity
- Inhabit hot sulphur springs
- Faculatative Aerobes
- Grow in salt pans, salt beds and salt marshes
- Aerobic
- Heterotrophic
- Contain special lipids in the cell membranes
- High internal salt content
- Strict obligate anaerobes
- Autotrophs: obtain energy and
carbon from decomposition products.
- Grow in low oxygen environments
- Occur is marshy/swampy areas
Major phyla
Major phyla
- Plasma membrane
- Peptidoglycan layers
- Outer membrane
- Capsule membrane
Composed of water,
enzymes, nutrients,
wastes and gases
-Small loop of DNA
- Carries genes
- floats in cytoplasm
- no true nucleus
- Single circular
chromosomes
for reproduction
used for movement
Small hair like structures
that help the cell
attach to each other
For building proteins
Autotrophic
- Make their own food
- Capable of synthesizing their own
food from inorganic substances
using light and an energy source
Heterotrophic
- Can't make their own food
and obtain their food and energy
by taking in organic substances
- Makes energy by aerobic
respiration if oxygen is present
- Able to switch to anaerobic
respiration if oxygen is not present
Cannot live in environments
with oxygen or it will die
Needs oxygen to live
In strings
In clumps
In pairs
Example
Example
Example
- One of the largest phyla in the fungi kingdom
- Asexual reproduces-spore shooters
- Produce spores, called ascospores in special
sac-like structure called asci.
- Decomposers
- Have a symbiotic relationship with plants
- Reproduce sexually and sometimes asexually
- Reproduce sexually through a club-shaped
spore bearing organ called basidium
- Produce basidiospores
- Most familiar fungi
- filamentous fungi composed of hyphae
- Soil borne fungi
- Symbiotic relationship with plants
- Essential to a functioning ecosystem
- Nutrient uptake by plants
- Primitive fungi (very old)
- Produce zoospores: motile asexual
spore that uses flagellum to move)
- Decomposers
-Can be unicellular or multi cellular
- Found in marine and freshwater
ecosystems and damp soil.
- Parasites of insects
- Used as natural pesticide
- Soil fungi
- Multi cellular, terrestrial organisms
- Mostly reproduce sexually
- Produce zygospores: the diploid structure
produced by two opposite haploid hyphae
gametes that fuse the nuclei
Example
Example
- Have 1 seed leaf (cotyledon)
- Veins are in nets
- Flower petals are in groups of 3
- Have 2 seed leafs (cotyledon)
- Parallel veins
- Flower petals are in groups of 4-5
- Pollen grains are carried
from one plant to another
by wind
Pollen grains are carried
from one plant to another
by birds, insects and animals
- Transfer of pollen from
one plant to the female
reproductive organ of another
By pollen from the same
flower or from another
flower on the same plant
Example
Carries water and minerals
from roots to other leaves
Transport of sugars and larger
molecules from leaves to the
rest of the plant
Example
Example
- Largest group of living plants
- Plants that produce flowers and fruits
- Flowers have reproductive structures
(produce pollen (male) or ovules (female).
- Seeds are enclosed in the fruit
- These are divided into dicots and monocots
- They have seeds so that they can reproduce
without water and through animals and wind
- Vascular, seed producing plants
- The seeds let plants sexually reproduce without water
- Protection against bad environmental conditions
- Seeds are dispersed through methods of pollination
- Produce seeds in cones
- Cones: Reproductive structures that produce pollen or ovules
- Have needles or scale-like leaves
- Vascular, seedless plants
- Have vessels to transport food and water (Xylem and Phloem)
- Have roots, stems and leaves
- Terrestrial plants
- These plants developed two different types of transport tissue
- Leaves and stems are are the tissues that transport nutrients
- They make life on land more adaptable for the ferns
- Simplest plants
- Non Vascular, seedless plants
- Have a protective cuticle (waxy waterproof
layer on the leaves and stems of plants that
retains water)
- Cuticle helps them successfully survive in
terrestrial environments.
- Have stomata for gas exchange
- No true leaves/roots
- Mostly terrestrial but can also be aquatic
Cell divides into two genetically
identical daughter cells.
Two cells align or join together to
exchange genetic material (DNA)
Has a tail to move back
and forth, helps to propel
the organism
Microscopic hair that flap
together to help the organism
move through liquids
Protist extends part of it's
cell body to move around
Lives on a host organism
and caused harm to that
organism
Feed on decaying
organic matter
Obtain energy and nutrients
by capturing and eating prey
Trap solar energy and convert
it into chemical energy through
photosynthesis
- Unicellular: Only seen when in clumps
- Plasmodial: made from one large cell,
seen one decaying plants, have multiple
nuclei in a single cell.
- Decomposers: Engulf other particles
- Move very slowly, using pseudoplasmodium
- Unicellular
- Plasmodial
- Get energy from decaying organic matter.
- Parasites of plants or fish
- Reproduce sexually and asexually
- Move like amoebas (pseudopods)
- Found in the blood or
intestines of host organisms
- Moves using flagella
- Many are parasitic
- Respond to light stimulus
- Found in freshwater ponds
with decomposition
- Moves using Cilia
- Cilia pulls food to their oral groove
- Live in fresh water, lakes,
ponds and damp soil
- Shapeless unicellular organisms
- Move using pseudopods
- Heterotrophs
- Produce oxygen
- Unicellular
- Reproduce sexually and asexually
- In marine/ freshwater ecosystems
- Silica shells
- Non-motile, carried by currents
- Live in marine environments.
- emit light- bioluminescent
- Move using flagella
- Autotrophs - contain chlorophyll
- Can photosynthesize
- May live alone or in colonies
- Can survive in deep seas
- Some move using flagella, others
are carried by water currents
- Autotrophs : photosynthetic
- 1-2 flagella to move
- Move towards light- positive
phototropism
- Has light sensitive, red eye-spot
- Nutrition
- Movement
- Reproduction
- Unicellular/ multi cellular colonies
- Reproduce using spores
- Heterotrophs and decomposers
- Contain a cell wall
- Unicellular
- Heterotrophs; Ingest food
- Unicellular
- Get energy from photosynthesis: Autotrophs
Example
- Sea sponges
- Multi cellular organisms
- Asymmetrical (Are not Bilateral or Radial)
- Do not have nervous, digestive or circulatory system
- Heterotrophic: eat floating organic particles
- Simplest animals
- Sessile (immobile)
- Reproduce sexually (sperm cells) and asexually (budding)
Example
Example
- Nervous system
- They are Deutrerosomes
- No brain
- 2 digestive openings
- Open circulatory system
- digestive cavity forms the main body
- Radially symmetrical
- Jelly-like
- No segmentation
- Have developed tissues
- Central nervous system
- Posses all 5 characteristics
of chordates
- through larval stages and
adulthood
Animals have:
- dorsal nerve cords
- Notochords
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
-Have placenta
-allows exchange of
nutrients and wastes
between the blood of
the mother and fetus
-short lived placenta
-babies to finish
developing
in the pouch
-mammals
that lay eggs
Example
Example
-sharp teeth
-hard enamel layer
-usually small in size
-elongated fingers
- only mammals
that can fly
- primarily
carnivorous
- occupy terrestrial
and aquatic habitats
groups based on how
their babies develop
Example
-posses feathers
-warm-blooded
-internal fertilization (eggs)
-brains are large in size
-poor vision
-able to fly
-birds
-Breathe through gills and lungs
-Adapted to aquatic and terrestrial life
-skin is thin, soft, glandular and magid
-Undergo metamorphosis
-cold-blooded
- The skeleton frame of
these species is primarily
composed of bone tissue
instead of cartilage
-Use lungs to breathe
-Cold blooded
-internal fertilization (eggs)
-amniotic eggs with soft shell
-terrestrial
-dry, scale skin
- do not posses a true bone
- skeleton made of cartilage
- cartilaginous fishes
-Tertrapods with hair
-posses 3 middle ear bones
- warm-blooded
-can produce milk
-highly developed brains
-acute vision
-have a sense of smell
- Jaw-less fish species
- Don't have spinal column
- Don't have backbone
- Have spinal column
- Have backbone
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
EXTINCT
- No body cavity
- reproduce sexually and asexually
- Have a circulatory and digestive system
- Motile- can move around
- Body cavities
- Found in freshwater environments
- Invertebrates
- Nervous system
- Movement through cephalization
- Digestive system and tract
- Mostly aquatic, some are terrestrial
living in damp soil.
- Gastropods are asymmetrical
(shell is coiled)
- Mostly sexual reproduction
- Invertebrate
- Have a nervous system
- Contain body cavity
- Segmented bodies
- Digestive systems (complete)
- Cephalization
- Long thread-like bodies
- Very small (microscopic)
- Tube like gut
- No circulatory system
- Reproduce sexually
- Carnivores
- Thick multi- layered cuticle
- Invertebrates
- Exoskeleton made of chitin
- Cuticle
- Segmented bodies
- Six legs or more (Jointed appendages)
- Complete circulatory (open), digestive
and excretory system
- complex sensory system
- Embryonic development:
anus before mouth
- Vertebrates and Echinoderms
- Account for only a few animal species
- Embryonic development:
mouth before anus
- Invertebrates
- Vast majority of all animal species
The animal can be cut in different
planes and is still symmetrical
The animal can be divided into
two mirror image "halves“.
- mostly multi cellular, can be unicellular
- Sessile (stationary)
- Grow in the ground
- Heterotrophs
- Evolved from charophye algae
- Closest evolutionary relative to plants is green algae
- Autotrophic: make their food through photosynthesis
- Can reproduce sexually (spores) and sexually (Gametes)
- Cells walls are made of cellulose
- Store food as forms of starch
- Sessile- cant move around on their own
- Live mostly in terrestrial environments
- First Eukaryotes
- Predecessors of modern protists
- Cellulose in some
- Heterotrophs and autotrophs
- mostly unicellular, can be multi cellular
- Symmetry and body plans
- Movement
- Body layers (germ layers)
- Body cavity
- Segmentation
- The cells of these organisms have a
nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
- All complex organisms are eukaryotic
- *Since Domain Eukarya has such large sized
organisms it is equivalent to the biomass of all
prokaryotes even though eukaryotes only
represent a small amount of all living things.
- Oldest organism living on Earth
- Cell membrane and wall lack peptidoglycan
- Very resistant to physical and chemical disruption
- Inhabit extreme environments
- Do not cause diseases
- Asexual Reproduction
- Unicellular
- Reproduce through Binary Fission
- Heterotrophs and autotrophs
- Essential to life everywhere
- Contain peptidoglycan in cell walls- Asexual Reproduction
- Unicellular
- Reproduce through Binary Fission
- Heterotrophs and autotrophs
- Essential to life everywhere
- Contain peptidoglycan in cell walls
Species are defined by 3 things
Species Abundance
Relative Abundance
Similarities
-Cell membrane
- DNA as genetic material
- Ribosomes
- Contain cytoplasm
- Chromosomes
- Flagella
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