Grade 10 Science

Cells

Cell Division

They divide to help you grow, to repair
wounds, to replace dead cells, and
when a baby is being developed

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase,
Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

Mitosis is PMAT

Organelles

Nucleus, Mitochondria, Cell
Membrane, Golgi Apparatus, etc

Organs but for cells

Normal vs Cancer

Normal Cells self destruct when they're too old or
damaged, and only reproduce for about 50-60 divisions

Cancer cells don't stop reproducing, and can move
to another location of the body, they are dangerous

Tissues

Animal

Nervous

Responds to stimuli, and transmits and
stores information. Similar to Ground Tissue

Connective

Supports and protects the body, forms blood,
stores fat, fills up the empty space. Similar
to Meristematic Tissue

Muscle

Allows movement. Similar to Vascular Tissue

Epethelial

Lines the inside and outside of the body,
has glands that make sweat, hormones, and
enzymes. Similar to Epidermal Tissue

Plant

Epidermal

Forms protective outer coating and
helps with gas exchange. Similar to
the Epithelial Tissue

Vascular

Moves things from roots to leaves, and
transports sugars from the leaves all
around the plant. Similar to Muscle Tissue

Meristematic

Unspecialized, found throughout the plant
in charge of plant growth. Similar to
Connective Tissue

Ground

Provides stem support, stores food and water in
the roots, helps with photosynthesis. Similar to
Nervous Tissue

Organ Systems

Animal

Respiratory

In charge of gas exchange (breathing)

Interacts with the circulatory
system in the alveoli

Trachea, Lungs, Bronchi, Alveoli

Breathing is involuntary and
controlled by the brain

Digestive

In charge of digesting food and
absorbing nutrients

Esophagus, Stomach, Intestines, Rectum

4 Stages: Ingestion, Digestion,
Absorption, Egestion

We need nutrients and energy from
food to survive so this is important

Lymphatic

Makes sure you don't get sick

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

Phagocytes trigger a response
by alerting lymphocytes

Lymphocytes destroy bad
things by creating antibodies

Can gives you a fever, or make you
swell up as an immune response

Plant

Roots

Below ground, take up water and
nutrients and send them to the stem

Shoots

Above ground (stem, leaves, flowers, and fruit),
pulls water through vascular tissue

In charge of transpiration

Covid-19

ACE-2 receptors are how it gets into cells

Affects the lymphatic, respiratory,
muscular, and digestive system

Cough, shortness of breath, and
difficulty breathing (Respiratory)

Fever or chills (Lymphatic)

Muscle or body aches (Muscular)

Vomiting or diarrhea (Digestive)

Characteristics

Kills a lot of people

Spreads easily

Very serious

Takes a while for symptoms
to appear (2 weeks)

Very contagious and
contagious for a long time

The reason I'm doing this
assignment at home

Compounds

Ionic

Anion or Cation

Positive or Negative charge

Multivalent

More than one ionic charge

Charge is represented in Roman Numerals

Polyatomic

Multiple elements join together
to act like an ion

'ite' or 'ate'

Non-Metal and Metal

Suffixes

'ide'

Molecular

Non-Metal and Non-Metal

Diatomic Molecules

All the 'gens' and the Halogens

Covalent Bond

Share electrons to become stable

Prefixes

ex. triphosphorus disulphide

Reactions

Law of Conservation of Mass

In a chemical reaction matter
cannot be created or destroyed

Balancing equations so both sides are equal

Synthesis, Decompostition,
Single Displacement,
Double Displacement,
Combustion, Neutralization

Reactants combine to make a product

6 Hints: New colour, new odour,
sound, emits light/flame/gas,
difficult to reverse, forms precipitate

Acids and Bases

pH Scale

Determines how strong or
the acid or base is

Corrosive, Conduct Electricity,
Dissolve in Water

Acids contain non-metals
Bases contain metals

Food items are usually Acids,
Cleaners are usually Bases

Weather vs Climate

Weather is more short term and specific to a town/city whereas Climate is more long term and encapsulates the Earth as a whole

Earth's Spheres (receive the sun’s energy, traps, stores,
and moves it around until it all radiates back into space)

Atmosphere - gases surrounding the Earth

Hydrosphere - liquid, water vapour, and ice

Lithosphere - the Earth's crust (solid rock, soil, minerals)

Biosphere - all plants, animals, bacteria, etc

Greenhouse Effect

Natural

Earth's natural way to stay warm. The amount of gases in the atmosphere are usually just enough to regulate climate

Water vapour, caron dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxides are greenhouse gases.Greenhouse gases are good unless they're excessive

Anthropogenic (caused by humans)

Earth naturally keeps greenhouse gases in check
but humans are increasing the amount and it's
hard for the Earth to keep up

Humans are bad for the planet 👍

Sources and Sinks

Source

Something that contains and releases a
greenhouse gas into the atmosphere
(ex. vehicles, factory, volcano)

Sink

Something that takes out a greenhouse
gas from the atmosphere and
stores it (ex. plant, ice, water)

Combustion

A reaction that produces oxides

Used in gasoline cars, furnaces, and stoves

This is bad because it puts excess
carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

Effects

Biodiversity

Habitat destruction

Phenological mismatches

Environment

Melting glaciers and permafrost

Ocean acidification

Increased temperatures

Rising ocean levels

Economy

Effects of climate change damage things
we use everyday (power, roads, buildings, etc)

Winter tourism will suffer

Can affect the availability of resources

Health

Inhaling polluted air can cause respiratory issues

Bad for mental health

Higher temperatures could lead to new diseases

Floods and other extreme weather events can cause injuries

Light

A wave of energy that can travel through different mediums (transparent, translucent, opaque)

Can either refract, reflect, or absorb
into a medium when it hits it

Each type of light has a different wavelength and
belongs on the electromagnetic spectrum

Radiowaves, microwaves, infrared rays, human vision, UV rays, x-rays, gamma rays (radiowaves have the longest wavelength and gamma rays have the shortest)

Human vision is the only light that we can see
Red, orange, yellow, green, blue indigo, violet

Sources of light

Objects that produce light are luminous

Incandescence (light from heat)

Fluorescence (chemicals absorb UV
energy and change it into light)

LED (electricity flows through
a semiconductor which releases light)

Phosphorescence (chemicals
create glow in the dark paint)

Chemiluminescence (light produced by a chemical reaction)

Electron Discharge (an electric current
passes through the air or a gas)

Triboluminescence (light is produced
when an object is moved or scratched)

Most things are not luminous

Colour Theory

Additive

Adding light to make colours

Primary Colours are RGB,
Secondary colours are CMY

RGB mixed together makes white light

Subtractive

Taking away light to make colours

Primary colours are CMY,
Secondary colors are RGB

CMY mixed together makes black

Mirrors

Plane/Flat Mirrors

Angle of incidence is the same
as the angle of reflection

Concave

Scoops in

Converges light rays

Makes image bigger

Convex

Bulges out

Diverges light rays

Makes image smaller

Lenses

Concave

)( shape

Makes light rays diverge

Subtopic

Convex

() shape

Makes light rays converge

Light refracts towards a focal point

Refraction

When light bends after passing through an object at an angle

It happens because the speed of light it different in different objects

The difference in the speed of light in different objects is called the Index of Refraction