Pathway to Confederation
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Charlottetown Conference

The conference had begun on September 1st 1864 then concluded on the same day with the Province of Canada overshadowing the concerns of Mari times which are made up of P.E.I, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.

The Charlottetown Conference was the first of three series of meetings which led to the formation of the dominion of Canada.

George Brown wanted to decrease French political power
and assimilate French Canadians. George Brown was born: November 29, 1818, Alloa, United Kingdom then died on May 9, 1880, Toronto.

George Brown is important to the confederation of
Canada because he was one of the founders of Canada along with George Etienne and John A. Macdonald, they all eventually agreed that confederation would better unify the colonies to resolve the political conflicts in Canada East.

George Etienne Cartier was born on September 6 1814
then died on May 20th 1873. He was one of the founders of the country Canada.

George Etienne Cartier believed that a confederation
of Canada would lead to a better future for the French.

John A. Macdonald was born on January 11th 1815
then died on June 6th 1891. John A. Macdonald wanted to protect the French power in the government and uphold their rights.

John A. Macdonald and George Brown agreed that a
confederation of the colonies would lead to resolving the political conflicts in Canada East and lead to a better future for the French people.

What terms were agreed upon the Charlottetown conference?In the Charlottetown Conference the Province of Canada
and Maritime union were both involved because when the Charlottetown Conference ended on September 1st 1964, the Maritimes (P.E.I, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick) would agree to confederation if they can have a railroad connecting from them to Canada West involving both Mari times and Province of Canada.

Whose opinions were not represented in the Charlottetown conference?

First nations people were take to different parts of canada were they were put in bad conditions and had to live in a reserve. The First Nations wanted the residential schools to stop opening and wanted to be a face of canada (meaning that people say Canada is made up of the English and French but the First nations were here first so they get to be a face of Canada). They also wanted way more clean food and water like 400 out of 618 have struggled with having clean water.

Whose opinions were represented?
Opinions that were represented included that of the Mari times and the Province of Ontario (Canada West and Canada East).

What was on the Agenda? in 1862, the Province of Canada
refused to pay for the railroad for the Mari times, then when the conference of Charlottetown came to unite the colonies, the Mari times agreed they would join if they can have the railroad built.

What representives did not attend the Quebec Conference?
No where were First Nations mentioned in the process of confederation. Meaning their needs and wants were not voiced at conferences. However, in 1670 the federal government decided they were in charge of indigenous rights and affairs. Later on, the government divided up First Nation regions and made treaties and acts with them.

Who were the representatives that did attend the Quebec Conference? Canada West: There were 37 Fathers of Confederation, including George Brown and John A. Macdonald as Canada West representatives. George Brown being with the Liberals, and Macdonald with the Conservatives. Canada East: People who represented Canada East in the Quebec conference were George-Étienne Cartier, Thomas D'Arcy McGee and Étienne-Paschal Taché. George-Étienne Cartier is one of the many politicians of both Canada East and West. Though, A.A.Dorion, a leader in Canada East didn't want confederation to happen, and Parti Rough also objected to the confederation. Parti was a politician in the liberal party of Canada East. Atlantic Colonies: In the Quebec Conference, John Hamilton Gray and Samuel Leonard Tilley from New Brunswick. Tilley was a member of the liberal party and Gray was a member of the Conservative party. Adams George Archibald and Charles Tupper from Nova Scotia. Tupper represented the conservative party and Archibald was a liberal-conservative. George Cole was a liberal and William Henry Pope was a conservative from Prince Edward Island. Newfoundland sent two men to observe what was happening. Those men were Frederic , a conservative, and Ambrose Shea, a liberal.

What different opinions were represented?
There was the Canada East, the Canada West, British Columbia, and the Maritime provinces. The Maritime provinces stated they did not want to join in confederation(but later on ended up joining). Canadians of Canada East also were worried about their french rights, but their leader knew it would be best to join in on confederation. Canada West wanted to join for the benefits of a better military, better trading system, and more taxes that would then be collected and used for the population’s benefit. British Columbia also was willing to join so they can pay off their debt(from the gold rush downfall).

What was on the agenda?

The Canada West representatives had wanted to talk to the other colonies of BNA about union. They wanted to unite and be a free country from Britain's power. Not only was the conference to unite the colonies but was also so that they could agree on terms and laws.

What terms were agreed upon the Quebec Conference?
A total of 72 resolutions were agreed upon at this very conference. 50 of which John A. MacDonald had crafted. Mainly the resolutions were about the distributions of power(the system of federal, provincial and municipal governments). The provincial government was now in control of schooling, municipalities, and language. Meanwhile the federal government controlled currency, international trade, and criminal laws. However some power was shared such as agriculture, immigration and tax.

The Quebec Conference started on October 10th 1864 to
October 24th 1864. It was one of the 3 conferences that formed Canada.

What was on the Agenda? Canada East: In 1866 the colonial legislature of New Brunswick,Nova Scotia and the province of Canada. PEI and Newfoundland joined in the Quebec Conference. A draw up for a British North America bill was done in London. New Brunswick and Nova Scotia: The purpose of the meeting was to draft the British North America Act, and they also chose and approved the name Canada, Quebec, and Ontario in this meeting. Also they wanted to review the 72 resolutions in the meeting. Canada West: To complete negotiations for confederation and get the approval from the British Government. They wanted to establish ground rules and name for the new confederation of canada or the British North American Act

What groups did not represent at the London Conference?
Irish perspectives were not represented African American perspectives were not represented and In the British North American Act they were not mentioned. First nations perspectives were not represented. Although act passed at this conference contained things about first nations reserves and land.

What different opinions were represented? Canada East: The french people’s perspective was mainly represented because George Brown and John A Macdonald were not agreeing over French people’s rights. They created the confederation to uphold the rights of the French and protect their equal representation in the government. Canada West: Sir John A Macdonald wanted to unify the country, The British Prime Minister John Russell, was in favor of confederation the successor of John Russell, Lord Carnava also approved of confederation. The Maritimes wanted security, and independence in education and religion. Samuel L Tilley believed the unification of Canada would bring prosperity to New Brunswick. George Brown wanted to expand Canada. New Brunswick and Nova Scotia: The Roman Catholics: The Roman Catholic bishops were demanding guarantees protecting the separate Catholic schools in this conference.
However, this idea was opposed by the Nova Scotian and New Brunswick representatives. What ended up happening as a compromise was that Catholic schools would be guaranteed in Ontario and Quebec, but not in Nova Scotia or New Brunswick. Alexander Galt also demanded protection for the rights of the English minority living in Quebec, and Samuel Tilly and Charles Tupper added more federal subsidies in the Maritime regions. (federal subsidies are benefits, money, or support given by the government to individuals and businesses).

Who attended for each colony? Nova Scotia and New brunswick: 16 representatives from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick attended, including John A. Macdonald (conservative), George Étienne Cartier, Alexander Galt and George Brown (liberal). Canada West: Sir John A Macdonald attended this meeting. Additionally George Brown attended this conference. 6 delegates attended this conference represent the leaders, but there were 16 delegates in total. Canada East: George-Etienne Cartier was representing Canada East at the London conference.

What terms were agreed? Nova Scotia and New Brunswick made some changes to the 72 resolutions (the Quebec conference). New Brunswick got assurances that a railway would be built. The provincial government subsidies increased.