Self-Esteem

Self-Worth

Literature

Blascovich, Jim and Joseph Tomaka. 1993. "Measures of Self-Esteem." Pp. 115–160 in J.P. Robinson, P.R. Shaver, and L.S. Wrightsman (eds.), Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes. Third Edition. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research.

excerpt

Martín-Albo J, Núñiez JL, Navarro JG, Grijalvo F. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale: translation and validation in university students. Span J Psychol. 2007 Nov;10(2):458-67. doi: 10.1017/s1138741600006727. PMID: 17992972.

Definition

"a confidence and satisfaction in oneself"

explicit self-esteem

implicit self-esteem

Terminology

discriminate self-worth and self-esteem

Selbstwertgefühl, Selbstachtung

auch: Selbstbewusstsein

esteem

= respect and admiration

respect...

Respekt, Achtung

Measures

Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES)

Example [Source]

Please read each statement and record a number 0, 1, 2 or 3 which indicates how much the statement applied to you over the past two weeks. There are no right or wrong answers. Do not spend too much time on any one statement. This assessment is not intended to be a diagnosis. If you are concerned about your results in any way, please speak with a qualified health professional.0 = Strongly disagree 1 = Disagree 2 = Agree 3 = Strongly agree1 I feel that I am a person of worth, at least on an equal plane with others2 I feel that I have a number of good qualities...For items marked with an (R), reverse the scoring (for example, 0 = 3, 1 = 2, 2 = 1, 3 = 0). For those items without an (R) next to them, simply add the score. Typical scores on the Rosenberg scale are around 22, with most people scoring between 15 and 25. A score of less than 15 suggests low self-esteem may be an issue. Remember that this assessment is just for information, it is not a diagnosis.

Items

1 - I feel that I am a person of worth, at least on an equal plane with others

2 - I feel that I have a number of good qualities

3 - All in all, I am inclined to feel that I am a failure (R)

4 - I am able to do things as well as most people

5 - I feel I do not have much to be proud of (R)

6 I take a positive attitude toward myself

7 On the whole, I am satisfied with myself

8 I wish I could have more respect for myself (R)

9 I certainly feel useless at times (R)

10 At times I think that I am no good at all (R)

Evaluation

For items marked with an (R), reverse the scoring (for example, 0 = 3, 1 = 2, 2 = 1, 3 = 0). For those items without an (R) next to them, simply add the score.
Typical scores on the Rosenberg scale are around 22, with most people scoring between 15 and 25. A score of less than 15 suggests low self-esteem may be an issue. Remember that this assessment is just for information, it is not a diagnosis.

"a score less than 15 may indicate a problematic low self esteem"

Coopersmith Inventory

"uses a 50-question battery over a variety of topics and asks subjects whether they rate someone as similar or dissimilar to themselves.[27] If a subject's answers demonstrate solid self-regard, the scale regards them as well adjusted. If those answers reveal some inner shame, it considers them to be prone to social deviance.[28]"

Implicit measures

implicit self-esteem

Name Letter Task / effect

Interventions

...to increase self-esteem

Applications

Positive affirmations

Overview

frequent and common

Examples

Pep talks

affirmative speeces/audios

motivational music

including vocals

is basically an affirmative speech

music (wichout lyrics)

resonates through associations the individual has or creates related to specific music

for example the soundtrack to a film might carry an affirmative affirmation for an individual while the music does not or does have lyrics

Effectiveness

can increase self-esteem max. 1-2 points

this can be enough for some situations and sometimes feel like a breakthrough for the individual

at the same time, it must be remembered that the 1-2 increment (on a scale of 10) is a hard limit of this approach alone

therefore, best to be used in combination with other interventions

have to be applied/used

repetitively

e.g.

audios

exercises

over a longer period of time

The specific content of the positive affirmation

has to be adjusted to the self-esteem level the individual is on

will accordingly change over longer periods - given the self-esteem level has changed due to other interventions

Emotional Stabilization

Resource Work

Overcoming a challenge

the obvious...

Feeling safe

deeper

(Happiness without performing)

"getting the recognition/... I am due"

due

Inner Safe Place

Processing of Emotions