Spain in the 19th century

The Parliament of Cádiz

Parliamentary legislation

The legislation written at the Parliament of Cádiz had influences on later Spanish history

Constitution of 1812

The first Spanish constitution

Passed reforms ended in the Old Regime

Freedom of the press, no more torture, equality of the citizien...

The Constitution of Cádiz / La Pepa

It reflected the principles of the liberalism:

National sovereignty

Moderate hereditary monarchy

Separation of powers

Legisative

Executive

Judicial

Catholicism as the only religion in Spain

The Parliament of Cádiz

In Pro-Fernando areas, local governments called juntas were created to organise resistance against Joseph Bonaparte, then, the Junta Central Suprema was formed. Then, they called it the Constituent Parliament in 1810

Juntas

Junta Central Suprema

Constituent Parliament

The Bourbon Restoration

Alfonso XII became king of Spain

1874

Establish stability after pronunciamientos and civil wars

Constitution of 1876

It established a constitutional monarchy, a Parliament based on limited suffrage and a range of rights and liberties.

Social change

Isabel II and the liberals state

1833-1868

The 'Moderate Decade'

The Triumph of the Liberalism

1833-1844

Isabel II inherited the throne at 3 years

Regents

Spain was ruled by regents in her name . The first, her mother

Moderates and unionists

The Progressive Biennum

The restoration of the Old Regime

Carlos IV IFernando VII + María Cristina I Isabel III

The Restoration of the Old Regime

War between conservatives and liberals

Liberals were persecuted and imprisoned and many of them went into exile. They attempted a number of pronunciamientos

Failed pronunciamientos (uprising) when army officials looked for a change of government

The liberals in power

1820-1823

The end of absolutism

-Fernando VII died in 1833. Carlos de Borbón proclaimed himself King of Spain and this led to The First Carlist War (1833-1840)-The liberals supported Isabel (Fernando's daughter) while the Carlist were in favour of Carlos de Borbón, and Carlists lost the war, so ended with a treaty called the Embrace of Vegara

1823-1833

1814-1833

The Glorious Revolution and the First Republic

1868-1874

The Glorious Revolution

The First Spanish Republic

Problems

The Cantonal Revolution

The Third Carlist War

Cuba

The Spanish War of the Independence

The end of the reign of Carlos V

Treaties, battles and important events

(1808-1814)

The War of Independence

In Spain many people considered that Joseph I was not the legitimate monarch. There was an uprising on May 2 in 1808 in Madrid, it was the beginning of the Spanish War of Independence. The population was divided into two: Afrancesados, they were with Joseph I Fernandinos, they were loyal to Fernando VI

Uprising on 2nd May 1808 in Madrid

It was a uprising on 2nd May 1808 in Madrid because many people in Spain considered that Joseph wasn't the legitimate monarch

Spanish Population

Fernandinos

Afrancesados

They recognised José I as a king

They were loyal to Fernando VII

The war between France and Spain

The French army was better equipped and trained but the Spanish guerillas attacked them continuously

Up to late 1808

The French laid siege to Zaragoza and Girona but they were defeated at Bailén

From 1812 to 1814

France suffered military decline. Spanish and British troops defeated the French, who then withdrew from Spain

From late 1808 to 1812

Napoleon's troops occupied nearly the entire Peninsula

This Constitution established several rights such as equality before the law, freedom of the press and the right of ownership

This is called "La Pepa" because this same day is the Father's day and the San José day, so they decided to called it with female terms

Mutiny of Aranjuez

It was an upringing for the discontent of Manuel Godoy's policy

March, 1808

Treaty of Fontaineblau

Manuel Godoy signed it with France to allow French troops to cross Spain on their way to Portugal

1807

Battle of Trafalgar

The Anglo-Portuguese alliance was reinforced by the defeat of Spain and France in these battle

1805

Treaty of San Ildefonso

Spain had to sign these Treaty of Ildefonso and it made Spain and France allies against the British Empire

In 1796 and 1800

Charles VI abdicated in favour of Fernando VII and Fernando VII, in favour of Joseph Bonaparte

Parties of the Turno Pacífico

It was a system of rotation of power

Led by Antonio Cánovas del Castillo

Supported the Church and the social order

Led by Práxedes Mateo Sagasta

In 1890 they established universal male suffrage

The liberals

The conservatives

This system brought stability to Spanish politics based on political manipulation

Caciquismo

In rural areas, powerful individuals called caciques used intimidation and violence to force the local population to vote one way or other

Pucherazo

In cities, election results were manipulated

The king decided the party

Rural areas-Caciques-Intimidation-Violence

Cities-Caciques-Election results-Manipulated

The arrangement between conservatives/liberals prevented parties from participating in government

Socialists

Led by Pablo Iglesias and Catalan, Basque and Galician nationalists

Anarchists

19th March 1812

Demographic growth and emigration

The birth rate was still high

The death rate fell slighty because of improvements in health and hygiene

Society

The upper class: aristocracy and high bourgeoisie

The middle class: civil servants, lawyers, small business...

The lower class/working class: peasants and workers

Origins of the labour movement

Spanish workers lived and worked in harsh conditions in the 19th century.1- Luddite demonstrations involved the destruction of machines and factories 2- Around 1840 the first workers' associations apparead. These groups demanded freedom of assembly, wich was eventually granted in the years of progressive government that followed the Glorious Revolution

Early Luddite demonstrations involved the destructions of machines and factories

The first workers' associations appeared. It demanded freedom of assembly

Anarchism

Giuseppe Fanelli, organised the Spanish section of the First International. The Federación Regional Española was created and became affiliated to the First International (illegal in 1874)Anarchism spread rapidly in Catalonia, Andalusia and ValenciaIn 1910 several anarchists groups founded an anarchist trade union called the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo

Socialism

Pablo Iglesias

Giuseppe Fanelli

Spanish section of the First International

The Federación Regional Española was created/FRE

Illegal in 1874

Spread rapidly in Valencia, Catalonia and Andalusia

In 1910, several anarchists groups founded and anarchist trade union, the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo

Partido Socialista Obrero Español/PSOE

A convention in Barcelona created the Unión General de Trabajadores/UGT

1888

Only strong in Madrid and in the Basque Country

Many people emigrated especially Argentina and Cuba because there were more jobs and more availables

Parties that favored the participation in policy

1814-1820

Fernando VII abolished the Constitution of 1812

Absolute Monarch

Absolutist period lasted for six years

1814-1820

Sexenio Absolutista

Colonel Rafael del Riego led a succesful liberal pronunciamiento

The king was forced to swear by the Constitution, free imprisoned liberals and call Parliament.

Three-year period , Trienio Liberal

The moderates

The radicals

1820

That brought back the Constitution of 1812

In favour of moderate reforms, it would be accepted by the elite/monarch

It pushed for more radical reforms and the full application of the Constitution of Cádiz

Constant conflict

Fiscal crisis

Political tensions

Dynastic succession

The Pragmatic Sanction (1830) changed the law in favour of Isabel bu many absolutists pereferred Carlos de Borbón

Treasury=no money. Loss of most of American colonies=matters worse

Treasury=Hacienda

Liberals were persecuted by the monarchy

Fernando VII died in 1833

Carlos de Borbón proclaimed king himself

First Carlist War (1833-1840)

Between Carlos and Isabel (Fernando's daughter)

Liberals

Isabel

Carlists

Carlos de Borbón

1.

2. They supported...

Liberals

Embrace of Vergara

Winners

They ended with a treaty

The Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis

Holy Alliance sent a large army to Spain

1823

Second return of Fernando VII as an absolute monarch

Severe internal crisis

The economy in 19th century in Spain

An agrarian society

Industry, the railway and finance

The cotton textil industry

The iron and steel industry

Transport

Banking

The Spanish Stock Exchange

Was there an Industrial Revolution in 19th century Spain?

The domestic market wasn't very well developed in Spain

Capital was scarce in Spain

Transport infrastructures

Energy sources

Coal was expensive and scarce

Spain had iron deposits

Part of Spain's iron production was especially exported to Britain

CATALONIA

Couldn't complete with the BASQUE COUNTRY and ASTURIAS. It developed in BILBAO

The Altos Hornos de Vizcaya

1902

It expanded rapidly

Monopoly on printing money

Created in 1831

Shares could be bought and sold

Desamortización

Land that couldn't be bought or sold was exapropiated by the state and sold to individuals

Promoted by Juan Álvarez Mendizábal

Promoted by Pascual Madoz

Two campaigns

1854-1856

Bienio Progresista

Considerable legislative activity

1856-1868

O' Donell

O' Donell created the Libera Union

Liberal Union

It was a centrist political party held power alternately with the moderates between 1856 and 1868

1844-1854

Isabel II's reign

Moderate governments

Was shared between the monarch and parliament according...

The Constitution of 1845

Only a small minority of the male population could vote and individual rights

Centralised

The new civil and penal codes and tax reforms unified laws and taxes in all Spanish terrotiroies

Policies:

The democrats

The republicans

Favoured universal male suffrage

Wanted to make Spain a republic

1854

General Leopoldo O'Donell

Led a pronunciamiento against the government

La Vicalvarada

Government

Moderalists

Progressives

Mutiny of La Granja

1836

Constitution of 1837 (less liberal than the 1812 one)

María Cristina - conflict - progressives

1840

Baldomero Espartero

1843

Pronunciamiento

Ramón Narváez

IMPORTANT FACTS

1843

Queen at 13 years

1873-1874

1868-1873

Parliament was disolved

General Martínez Campos

Restored the Bourbon Dinasty

Two Pronunciamientos

Crisis

Conservatism

Authoritarianism

Rural/Urban revolts

Facts

Pact of Ostend (1866)

La Gloriosa

The Glorious Revolution was successful and the queen was forced to leave Spain (Isabel II). This is the beginning of Sexenio Democrático