The Protestant Reformation^

1st REFORMER

MARTIN LUTHER

(1483-1546) a German theologian, monk, and professor of theology.

An important figure in the Protestant Reformation, challenging the doctrines and practices of the Roman Catholic Church

A challenge in the doctrines and practices of the Roman Catholic Church

KEY IDEAS

Faith Alone:

Individuals saved from sin and attain eternal life not by their good works or deeds but through faith in Jesus Christ's redemptive sacrifice on the cross.

Ninety-Five Theses

posted on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany

criticized the sale of indulgences, which were thought to give forgiveness of sins.

argued that salvation was a matter of faith and grace, not monetary transactions.

The supreme authority of the Bible over church tradition.

the Bible was the ultimate source of divine revelation and that individual believers should have direct access to its teachings.

To challenge the hierarchical structure of the Church.

To argue that every Christian had the right to interpret the Bible and communicate with God

negating the need for intermediaries like priests.

To translate the Latin Bible into German

To make the Scriptures accessible to the common people

Two main sacraments:

1-BAPTISIM:

The act of cleansing and initiation into the Christian faith.

Lutherans believe that through baptism, a person is spiritually reborn, their sins are forgiven, and they become a part of the community of believers, which is the Church

2-HOLY COMMUNION OR EUCHARIST

To emphasize the real presence of Christ in the bread and wine.

To be viewed as a means of grace that strengthens faith and nourishes the spiritual life of believers.

To be seen as a way to remember and proclaim Christ's sacrifice for the forgiveness of sins

considered essential practices that connect believers to God's grace and promises.

means through which believers receive spiritual blessings and assurance of salvation

The rejection of Papal Authority

To critize the authority of the Pope and rejected certain teachings, practices, and institutions of the Roman Catholic Church.

Pope as a fallible human leader

Marriage of Clergy

To advocate for the marriage of clergy, challenging the Church's stance on sexual abstinence.

NEXT TO LUTHER
REFORMATION

JHON CALVIN

(1509-1564) a Frencj theologian, pastor, and religious reformer.

known for his significant contributions to Reformed theology and his role in shaping the development of Protestantism

KEY IDEAS

Predestination

insisting on that God has chosen who will be saved and/or damned

underscoring the sovereignity of God in salvation

God's choice of those who would be saved is not based on any actions or qualities of individuals

the salvation of the elect,

To believe in the fallen nature of humanity due to the original sin, leading to "total depravity."

Humans are sinful and incapable of saving themselves.

To teach that those who are truly among the elect will persevere in their faith and cannot lose their salvation.

God's saving work is guaranteed to reach its completion.

Introduced significant changes to worship practices.

This included the practice of preaching, congregational singing, and the Lord's Supper.

Established the Geneva Academy (later the University of Geneva)

to train ministers and promote Reformed theology.

Promoted a strong work ethic,

to emphasize one's daily activities as acts of serving to God.

MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
LUTHER AND CALVIN

Calvin: Emphasized the doctrine of predestination,

MEANWHILE

Luther: Held a view of predestination, but it was not as central to his theology .
Luther emphasized salvation by faith alone and God's grace

Calvin: Believed in the "real presence" of Christ in the Eucharist

MEANWHILE

Luther: believe that e bread and wine represent Christ's body and blood

Calvin: Focused on God's sovereignty.

MEANWHILE

Luther: Emphasized the theology of the cross.

A) THE ENGLISH REFORMATION
VS
B) THE REFORMATION IN THE REST OF EUROPE

A)

Began with the KING.
Political and personal motives of King Henry VIII

Aannulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
The Pope denied.
So, he broke away from the authority of the Pope and establish the Church of England.

MEANWHILE

B) Began with criticism of the Catholic Chruch by priests and other religious thinkers

such as Martin Luther and John Calvin

A) Henry VIII's break from the authority of the Pope

MEANWHILE

B) Similar breaks from Papal authority in various countries

led to significant changes in church governance, including the decentralization of authority, the rejection of the Papal hierarchy, and the establishment of various Protestant denominations

Led to the dissolution of monasteries and the suppression of Catholic practices

A) Primarily driven by political leaders and monarchs

MEANWHILE

B) Primarly driven by theologians and religious leaders

who challenged various aspects of Catholic teachings.

Connected to Henry's desire for control over the Church and his quest for a male heir

A) Emphasis on English translations of the Bible

MEANWHILE

B) Emphasis on Vernacular translations in various languages

A) Development of the Book of Common Prayer

MEANWHILE

B) Development of various Protestant confessions

A)Some Catholic elements retained in Anglican Church.

MEANWHILE

B) A more pronounced break from Catholic practices

WRITTEN BY
DANIELA RUBIANO

Time frame

During 16th century

From the early 1500s
to the late 1500s.

State of Catholicism
in the 1400s

Catholic Church Authority

Papacy Power

Significant influence over both spiritual matters and secular politics.

Lack of vernacular Bibles

The Bible was often accessible only in Latin, limiting access to scripture for the common people.

Limited Religious Pluralism

Religious diversity and opposing views were often suppressed by the Catholic Church.

Indulgences and Corruption

Financial corruption

Abuse of power

The sale of indulgences by Church's officials

Needed money for St. Peter's Basilica

Inmorality

Heavy taxations

Goverment separated from the Church

People's respect for priest,monks, popes.

Main idea

Internal Renewal od the Church

To reform the Catholic Church's practices

To cleanse corruption

To return to what reformers believes were the true teachings of Christianity

Emergence of the Middle Class: The rise of merchants and urban professionals challenged traditional hierarchies.

Print Revolution: The printing press allowed for the widespread distribution of ideas, challenging established norms.

Humanism: Focus on individualism and secular learning prompted critical examination of religious practices.

Causes

RELIGIOUS

Criticism of Church Practices

For growing dissatisfaction with the extravagant lifestyles of clergy.

For the sale of indulgences (essentially, paying for forgiveness of sins) and simony (buying and selling of religious positions) prevalent.

Indulgences were payments made to the Church in exchange for the forgiveness of sins or reduced time in purgatory. This practice was criticized by reformers like Martin Luther, who believed that salvation could not be bought and that it was a gift from God

To the lack of reform.

Desire for espiritual Authority

People looked for a more direct connection to God and more personal religious experience.

No religious freedom

Religious dissents were persecuted and confined to have diverse beliefs and thoughts,.

Some Church leaders were wordly and corrupt.

ECONOMIC

Feudalism System's Impact

Characterized by hierarchical relationships and land ownership, contributed to social inequality, prompting discontent and desire for change.

Peasants disagree on economic challenges and oppresive feudal obligations

The rise of a middle class disrupted feudal norms, creating an environment where new ideas and criticisms could gain traction.

Economics disparities .

Europeans princes and kings were jealous of the Church's wealth

Demand of social justice

The outflow of local resources

Concerns over financial corruption, indulgences.

SOCIAL

Growth of crticial thinking through humanism.

Humanism:

Focus on individualism and secular learning prompted critical examination of religious practices

The rise of merchants and urban professionals challenged traditional hierarchies.

Access to the printing press

to spread ideas and to challege established norm

POLITICAL

Power struggles between monarchs and the Catholic Church over authority.

Desire of rules to weaken the Church's influence and consolidate power

CONSEQUENCES

RELIGIOUS

The creation of various Protestant denominations, each one with its own interpretation of Christian doctrine.

A period of intense theological debates and conlficts.

Development of the idea of religious freedom

ECONOMIC

Redistribution of wealth due to changes in religious and economic systems.

Economic impact of conflicts and political changes.

SOCIAL

Impact on Education and Science

Rise of individualism, critical thinking and religious tolerance.

Religious diversity leading to new Protestant denominations.

The growth of science, philosophy, and literature.

POLITICAL

Shift in Political Power

Redistribution of power between monarchs, nobility and religious institutions.