af Isabella Mendez 2 år siden
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Calvin Cycle
3 CO2 enter
use enzyme Rubisco to fixate carbon
Adds to Ribulose bisphosphate
eventually releases sugar
Cellular Respiration
catabolic
exothermic
6O2
6H20
C6H12O6
6CO2
harvest energy from organic compounds
oxidizing glucose
small amounts of energy being released at a time
36 net ATP
oxidative phosphorylation
the final electron receptor
electrons
reduced coenzyme
substrate-level phosphorylation
ATP formed directly
energy released cause reactants to join
ATP
ADP
inorganic phosphate
glycolysis
citric acid cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation
electron transport chain
reduces coenzymes
to generate ATP
electron acceptors
redox reactions
free energy
actively pump protons from matrix to outer compartments
protons released
least to most electronegative
cytochromes
NADH dehydrogenase
ubiquinone
cytochrome oxidase complex
oxygen
water
final electron receptor
transmembrane
FADH2
2 ATP
NADH
3 ATP
cristae
intermembrane space
mitochondrion
chemiosmosis
concentration gradient
ATP syntahse
protons
liberates energy
phosphorylate ADP to ATP
Citric Acid Cycle
products
2ATP
6NADH
4CO2
2FAD2
2 acetyl coA
2 oxaloacetate
2 citrate
changes to its structure
Pyruvate Oxidation
matrix of mitochondira
2 pyruvate
attachement
acetyl CoA
final product for channeling energy
oxidation
2NAD+
decarboxylation
pyruvate dehydrogenase
Glycolysis
glucose
glucose-6-phosphate
fructose-6-phosphate
fructose-1,6-diphosophate
releases energy
4 substrate level phosporylations
4 ATP
2 net ATP
key process
fermentation
cytoplasm
lactic acid
lactic acid buildup
ethanol
2 NADH
using 2NAD+
2NADH
under anaerobic conditions
splitting of sugar
cell cytosol
Calvin cycle makes sugar
CO2 is fixed through carbon fixation
Alternatives for carbon fixation
CAM
C4
ATP provides energy, NADPH provides electrons
Thylakoid
Non cyclical flow
Cyclical flow
Photosystem II
H2O enters
electrons chain through
Electrons sent down ETC
plastoquinone
cytochrome complex
plastocyanin
Photosystem I
light enters
electrons from ETC enter
electrons jump to exited state from ground state over and over
electrons go into special pair that absorbs light at 700 nm
primary acceptor
ferredoxin
NADP+ reductase
produces NADPH
H2O splits into electrons and H+ protons
O2 released
NADP+ reduced
ATP through photophosphorylation
Cytoplasmic Receptors
Nucleus
Gene Expression Regulation
Hydrophobic Signaling Molecule
Hormones
Tyrosine Kinase Receptor
Tyrosine Kinase Dimer
Tyrosine Phosphorylation
Fully Activated Tyrosine Kinase Receptor
Relay Molecules
Protein Kinase 1
Protein Kinase 2
Active Protein
Cellular Response
G-Protein Coupled Receptor
Phosphorylation of G-Protein
Activated G-Protein
Enzyme (Adenylyl Cyclase)
cAMP (second messenger)
Protein Kinase A
Cellular Response
Regulation of Cellular Activities
