Kategorier: Alle - conditioning - stimulus - attention - reinforcement

af Katie Nicodemo 5 år siden

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Conditioning

Observational learning is a process where individuals acquire new behaviors by watching and imitating others. This type of learning requires four essential elements: attention, retention, reinforcement, and motor reproduction.

Conditioning

Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Consequences are the responses to a given behaviour. The nature of these actions will affect the likelihood of that behaviour occurring again in the future.

Punishment

This form of consequence decrease the probability of an action recurring in the future.

Negative Punishment

This form of punishment removes something desirable after an observed behaviour. This in turn, decreases probability of the action being repeated.

Positive Punishment

This form of punishment adds something undesirable in response to an observed behaviour. This causes a decrease in the recurrence of that behaviour.

This form of consequence increases the probability that a behaviour will be repeated again.

Schedules of Reinforcement

These are the different times that determine when a reward is given.

Reward is given after a varied amount of time passes.

Fixed Interval

Reward is given after a set amount of time. Not as effective since the subject can learn to expect the reward whether the desired behaviour is carried out or not.

Variable Ratio

Rewards are given after a number of responses but are unpredictable. Effective since it encourages the behaviour to occur with the expectation that eventually they will get something desirable.

Fixed Ratio

This is given after a pre-determined number of responses.

Classes of Reinforcers

These are different forms of something desirable that can be added after a behaviour to make it likely to occur again.

Tangible

Tangible reinforcement is a larger goal that may not be immediate. An example would be getting to receive a car after working hard at a job for a given period of time.

Edible

Edible reinforcement adds some type of food only given after the wanted behaviour is displayed.

Activity

This form allows the subject to do a desired activity such as being able to play outside after homework or getting to take a nap after studying.

Social

This form is verbal reinforcement such as words of encouragement or social acknowledgement.

Negative Reinforcement

Form of reinforcement that takes away something undesirable after a particular action. Removal makes the action likely to be repeated.

Positive Reinforcement

Form of reinforcement where something desired is added after observing a given behaviour. Increases the probability of recurrance.

Observational Learning

This form of learning happens by watching and mimicking the behaviour of others around them.

4 Requirements

These are all required in order for observational learning to occur properly.

Reinforcement

Reinforcing and repeating the behaviour helps the observer to get a further grasp on what they are trying to learn.

Motor Reproduction

The learner must be able to reproduce the action and practice it until it's replicated the same way it was observed.

Retention

The one learning must be able to understand what they are observing and be able to retain that information.

Attention

The one that the learner is observing must be captivating enough to hold their attention long enough for them to observe.

Classical Conditioning

A connection is made between some autonomic response to a certain stimuli.

4 Stages

In classical conditioning, different stages occur when learning a response. An example would be a baby that gets tickled after a certain song is played so it starts to laugh when hearing the song.

Discrimination

This is when a response is generated only to a certain stimuli. Would be if the baby only laughed when the one song was played instead of all songs.

Generalization

Occurs if the conditioned response occurs in response to any stimuli similar to the original one. This would be like if the baby started to associate any song with tickling instead of just the song used to condition it.

Extinction

This occurs if the stimulus is presented a large number of times without the unconditioned stimulus. Would be like if the baby was no longer tickled after the song played it would stop laughing at the sound of the song.

Acquisition

This is what first occurs when learning a conditioned response. In the above example this would be the baby starting to laugh at the sound of the song.

Types of Response
Conditioned Response

A response that is conditioned to occur through conditioning. Occurs in association with the conditioned stimulus.

Unconditioned Response

A response that doesn't not need to be taught or learned. Occurs as a natural reaction to the unconditioned stimuli.

Types of Stimulus

Different forms of stimuli can be used.

Neural Stimulus

Any stimuli that does not cause a response either before or after conditioning.

Conditioned Stimulus

A stimuli that before conditioning elicited no response, now gives a reaction.

Unconditioned Stimuli

Any stimuli that elicits a response without any conditioning.