Muscular System Anatomy

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Muscular System Anatomy

Types of Exercise

Resistance

increases size of muscles

weightlifting

Isometric

tension in muscles increases

no movement occurs

pushing against concrete wall

Isotonic

muscles shorten

movement occurs

normal exercise

Aerobic

uses oxygen

produces 36 molecules of ATP

Shortcoming: requires continuous supply of oxygen and fuels

makes body more flexible and resistant to fatigue

Anaerobic

does not use oxygen

produces 2 molecules of glucose

Shortcoming: uses a lot of glucose and produces little ATP

increases strength

Types of muscle responses

Tetanus

one contraction immediately followed by another

muscle never completely returns to a relaxed state

effects are compounded

Twitch

not normal function

single, brief contraction

Graded Responses

how skeletal muscles react to stimuli

a. speed or b. number of cells stimulated

Factors when naming muscles

1. Size

2. Location

3. Movement/action it causes

4. Number of origins

5. Location of origin and insertion

6. shape

7. Direction of muscle fibers

Shapes of Muscle

Circular

mouth, eyes

Flat

diaphragm, forehead

Spindle

arms, legs

Triangular

shoulder, neck

5 Golden Rules of Muscle Activity

1. All cross at least 1 joint

2. bulk lies proximal to joint crossed

3. All have at least 2 attachments: origin & insertion

4. Muscles can only pull, they never push

5. During contraction, the insertion moves towards origin

Functions

Produces movement

maintains posture

stabilizes joints

generates heat

Types of Muscle

Smooth

found in viscera

not striated, 1 nucleus

Cardiac

found in heart

striated, 1 nucleus

involuntary, regulated by ANS

Skeletal

found in limbs

striated, multinucleated

voluntary, regulated by CNS