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A person’s height can be estimated by using the size of the footprint.
Scientists use weights on the same ground to estimate weight of person.
The deeper the footprint, the heavier the person was.
The wide the space, the faster the person was moving.
Short spaced footprints show a slow walk
Every activity leaves behind a trail of clues or signs of what happened.
Meteors that reach the Earth’s surface in solid form.
Are merorites that have entered earths atmosphere and burn up.
`They are called shooting stars as they fall toward the Earth.
They are attracted to Earth by Earth’s gravity.
`Meteoroids are small, solid bodies from outer space.
They are found mostly between Mars and Jupiter.
They travel in elliptical orbits around the sun, just like planets.
Asteroids are mini planets.
They often have a “tail.”
They travel in elliptical orbits around the sun.
Comets are made up of mostly dirt and ice.
Earth’s moon is visible because it reflects light from the Sun.
Some planets have no moons, while some planets have many.
Moons are the natural satellites of planets.
The planets reflect light from the Sun.
Each planet varies in size, appearance, and composition.
The planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
There are 8 planets that revolve around the Sun.
Without the sun there could be no life on Earth.
The sun emits light and gives off heat.
The word solar means sun.
The Sun is the star that is at the center of our solar system.
The Big Dipper (Ursa Major), and Orion are all constellations.
There are 88 constellations in the sky.
A constellation is a group of stars that appears to form a pattern in the sky.
Approximately 200 million stars are in the Milky Way. The Sun is one of them.
Our galaxy is called The Milky Way.
A galaxy is a cluster of stars.
The closest star to the Earth is the Sun.
They emit light through nuclear fusion, which happens deep inside the star.
They come in all shapes, sizes, colours, compositions, and temperatures.
Stars are the heat and light sources of the universe.
Humans have launched man-made satellites so that they orbit the Earth.
The planets are natural satellites of the Sun.
The moon is a natural satellite for the planet Earth.
A satellite is the name for any heavenly body that revolves around another.
planets
give back or bounce
stars
give off
There are eight planets that make up our solar system
Neptune
Uranus
Jupiter
Mars
Earth
Venus
Mercury
You can see the andromeda galaxy in the sky
The closest galaxy to earth is the Andromeda Galaxy which is 2 million light years away
The Milky way galaxy contains 200 billion stars
Earth is a part of the milky way galaxy
Space is also filled with radiation (e.g. light and heat), magnetic fields and high energy particles (e.g. cosmic rays).
The space between the stars and galaxies is largely empty but contains some scattered particles of dust or a few hydrogen atoms per cubic centimeter.
Contains billions of galaxies, each containing millions or billions of stars.
The rudder is located on the tail of the aircraft. It works identically to a rudder on a boat, steering the nose of the aircraft left and right. Unlike the boat however, it is not the primary method of steering. Its main purpose is to counteract the drag caused by the lowered aileron during a turn. This adverse yaw, as it is known, causes the nose of the airplane to point away, or outwards, from the direction of the turn. The rudder helps to correct this by pushing the nose in the correct direction, maintaining what is known as coordinated flight
The ailerons are located at the rear of the wing, one on each side. They work opposite to each other, so when one is raised, the other is lowered. Their job is to increase the lift on one wing, while reducing the lift on the other. By doing this, they roll the aircraft sideways, which allows the aircraft to turn. This is the primary method of steering a fixed-wing aircraft.
As the name implies, the elevator helps “elevate” the aircraft. It is usually located on the tail of the aircraft and serves two purposes. The first is to provide stability by producing a downward force on the tail. Airplanes are traditionally nose-heavy and this downward force is required to compensate for that. The second is to direct the nose of the aircraft either upwards or downwards, known as pitch, in order to make the airplane climb and descend.
When the elevator is lowered, the nose drops
When angled up, the nose of the plane rises
The elevator can be controlled in an up and down motion
The horizontal stabilizer prevents an up-and-down motion of the nose, which is called pitch.
The vertical stabilizer keeps the nose of the plane from swinging from side to side, which is called yaw. Motion can be controlled by the rudder.
The stabilizers’ job is to provide stability for the aircraft, to keep it flying straight.
To control and maneuver the aircraft, smaller wings are located at the tail of the plane.
Ex. If the left aileron is lowered and the right aileron is raised, the plane will roll to the right
If they are angled in opposite directions, the plane will roll in the direction of the raised aileron
Ailerons are small surfaces on the ends of the wings
Slats are used at takeoff and landing to produce additional force. The spoilers are also used during landing to slow the plane down and to counteract the flaps when the aircraft is on the ground.
Flaps are deployed downward on takeoff and landing to increase the amount of force produced by the wing. On some aircraft, the front part of the wing will also deflect.
Smaller, low-speed airplanes use propellers for the propulsion system instead of turbine engines.
The turbine engines, which are located beneath the wings, provide the thrust to overcome drag and push the airplane forward through the air.
Modern airliners use winglets on the tips of the wings to reduce drag.
The wings generate most of the lift to hold the plane in the air.
To generate lift, the airplane must be pushed through the air. The air resists the motion in the form of aerodynamic drag.
It has all the controls to fly the plane
The front part of the aircraft where the pilots fly the plane from
It can be used to carry passengers and cargo
It is a long, hollow tube that holds all of the pieces of an airplane together
The fuselage is the main body of the airplane
The colder the air becomes, the slower the air particles move (lowering pressure)
The greater the temperature, the faster the air particles move (increasing pressure)
Air particles can be compressed and squished together to take up less space.
Air exerts pressure (in all directions). The air above the paper pushes down on it (pressure). This pressure is what makes the paper lay flat on the table - it's being pushed down. Even though they're too tiny to see, all the molecules of air in the atmosphere above your head weigh something.
Every square inch of surface on the earth has about 15 pounds of air sitting on it. Air is piled about 100 miles high on each square inch.
Air is really quite heavy and has mass. You don’t notice it because your body is adapted withstand the air pressure that you experience every day.
Air is a mixture of gasses that take up space in the world around you. Although you may not see it or think because it has always been there, air takes up the space around us.
Lift occurs as a result of the shape of an airplane’s wing *Bernoulli’s Principle *
Lift holds an airplane up in the sky
Lift pushes upward, allowing a plane to fly
vein - Vascular structure on a leaf. Provides support for the leaf and transport of both water and food.
petiole - a leaf stalk; it attaches the leaf to the plant.
midrib - the central rib of a leaf - it is usually continuous with the petiole.
leaf apex - the outer end of a leaf; the end that is opposite the petiole.
Leaves
Bark
Branching Patterns
Branch location
Silhouette
Type (deciduous vs coniferous)
When trees are infested by insects or disease, it can leave holes or scars within the tree.
This can lead to a fire scar and irregular growth of the tree around the scar.
Trees sometimes lose part of their trunk due to a forest fire.
Sometimes you may notice a ring with wider growth on one side and narrower growth on the other.
Trees growing on an uneven slope (hillside or uneven ground)
Trees pushing up against a building
Competition from other nearby trees
You know a tree has gone through a drought when some rings are narrower than others
Tree rings can be narrower in sections because the tree has not had access to enough water which slows its growth
You know the tree has had optimal growing conditions if all tree rings are the same size
Tree is able to grow effectively without any interruptions in its cycle due to environmental conditions
This layer protects a tree from insects and disease, excessive heat and cold, and other injuries.
Heartwood develops as a tree gets older. It is old sapwood that no longer carries sap, and gives the trunk support and stiffness. In many kinds of trees, heartwood is a darker color than sapwood, since its water-carrying tubes get clogged up. The tree cookie at right, like many of its fellow young pines, has not developed heartwood yet.
The lighter portion is called the "early wood" (beacuse it grows in the spring), and the darker portion the "late wood" (which grows in the summer). Together, they represent one year of growth.
Also called the sapwood. This layer carries the sap (water plus nitrogen and mineral nutrients) back up from the roots to the leaves. Sapwood gives a tree its strength.
Also called the inner bark. This layer carries sugar made in the leaves or needles down to the branches trunks and roots, where it is converted into the food the tree needs for growth.
The layer or zone of cells, just one cell thick, inside the inner bark. The cambium produces both the xylem and phloem cells. This is where diameter growth occurs, and where rings and inner bark are formed.
Together these two types of wood represent one year of growth
Late wood: dark colored and is the growth that happens over fall and winter
Early Wood: Light colored wood is called early wood as it grows in summer and spring
Every year a tree is alive is adds new growth to its trunk that when analyzed can help you to understand more information about the tree
A dendrodisc (tree cookie) is a cross sectional slice of a tree.
Dendrochronology is the scientific study of growth patterns and the aging of trees, as shown in their rings.
Dendrochronology comes from the roots dendro- meaning “tree” and chronology meaning “the study of time.”
From the Latin word decider – “fall down or off”
Have existed for 60 – 100 million years
Seeds are in vessels – fruit, capsules, seeds, etc.
Do not withstand temperature extremes
Are broad-leafed
Shed leaves in fall, grow leaves in spring
known as “broadleaved trees” or “hardwoods trees”
facts
From the Latin word conifer – “cone-bearing”
Have existed for about 300 million years
Seeds are well protected by a sharp-toothed cone
Are good at withstanding temperature extremes
Stay green all year round
Have needle shaped leaves
Shed and grow their leaves continually.
known as “evergreens” or “softwoods ”
