Sensation and Perception

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Both of these processes are related to sight. Accomodation refers to the eyes adjusting to light, whereas opponent process deals with what colours a person sees in.

The cycle theory states that every experience someone has a process and response, while webers law proves the differences in knowing frequencies. These coincide because you would use cycle when you hear a type of frequency and webers law to understand and discern it.

To notice when a stimuli has entered your absolute threshold you must pay attention and have some sort of focus to understand why you are sensing what you are sensing and how it affects you.

The accodmodation process involves adapting to stimuli (light) when our eyes go into a new setting. Psychologists in the signal detection theory can use this theory to understand how and why our eyes need to adjust to different light settings.

Illusion and signla detection theory can coincide with each other. Illusion involves the sense organs transmitting misleading information to the brain, while signal detection theory helps psychologists determine how we detect stimuli under incertain conditions. Signal detection theory can identify the stimuli that causes the senses to transmit misleading information.

Parallel processing helps our minds remember the past and what was there a moment ago. Subliminal persuasion has to do with people being made to behave or act as a result from a subliminal message. Subliminal persuasion could lead to parallel processing being needed.

Our senses can sometimes trick us. There are times where we see something that is not there or hear something that's not around. Illusion deals with the senses on some level with stimulation or overstimulation of the senses.

The sense are so important because we as humans cannot perceive the wolrd without our senses. Our senses have everything to do with how we perceive the physical world and if we do not pay attention to them then things will go unoticed. What we perceive depends on where our attention is.

Webers Law dicusses how we tell ghe difference in freqencies and the relationship with stimulus intensities while the absolute threshold discusses how any sense we experience involved our absolute threshold. Both of these topics discuss the differences in frequencies and how the senses effect us.

Psychophysics and Cycles are paired because psychophysics study how we understand sensory stimuli, while cycle involves sensory input with processing and responses. Psychophysics studies us while cycle explains it.

Sensation and sensory memory are connected because the brain remembers every sensation we come accross and keeps it as sensory input from everything that surrounds us.

These topics are connected because sensation and perception coincide. Sensation is physical while perception is mental. When you touch something, your brain tells you how it feels.

Sensation and Perception

Attention

What drives attention: External force, novelty and familiarity (meaning, ditchotomic), emotional (personal)

Automatized experiences: Used to doing something so you repeat it.

Multi tasking v.s task shifting

Selective attention: Purposeful focusing of conscious awareness on a specific stimulus or event in the environment to the relative exclusion of other stimuli and events.

What you are perceiving right now depends greatly on where your attention is

Senses

Smell and memory - Highly associated. Process of smell near hippocampus.

Taste and smell - Olfactory bulbs in the nose sense odours. Taste buds found on tongue.

Touch - Skin has 3 distinct layers. 1. Epidermis, 2. Dermis, 4. Hypodermis. Skin is resiliant and waterproof. Also, the largest organ in the human body.

Hypodermis : Deeper layer, thick, insulating cushion

Dermis : Contains line cells, nerve endings

Epidermis : Outer layer, regenerates every 28 days

Hearing - Sound has two main components (Frequency and amplitude)

Amplitude: Describes volume measured in decibels.

Frequency: Describes pitch (low or high) measured in hertz.

Sight - Humans derive more info from sight than any other senses. The eyes take in light, process and transmits.

Any of the faculties by which humans or animals take in info from inside or outside the body

Illusion

4 types of illusion: 1. ambiguous illusions 2. distorting/geometrical optical illusions 3. paradox illusions or fictions

Illusions use the way our brains work to perceive the world around us

When any of the sense organs "transmit misleading information of the brain"

After effects of the stimulation or overstimulation of the senses

The process involving an interaction of logical and empirical considerations

Signal detection theory

Developed to help psychologists determine how we detect stimuli under uncertain conditions

Accomodation process

Changes the lenses shape to focus light onto the back of the eyes allowing us to adapt to different light conditions

Opponent process

We perceive colour as either red or green or as either blue or yellow

Subliminal persuasion

Does NOT drive attention

Argues that we can be made to behave or act in a particular way as a result of a mesage presented at the subliminal level

Parallel processing

Our minds build up perception by piecing together what is in the sensory field and what was there a moment ago as well as what we remember from our past

How we can attend to many sense modalities simultaneously

Sensory memory

Everything in our memory begins as sensory input from our environment.

Role: Take the information coming into the brain through sensory receptors and hold it until a decision is made about what to do with it.

99% of all sensory information is discarded almost imediately upon entering the brain

People do not perceive a lot of what they see

Transduction: Process of conveting an external energy or substance into a neural activity

Absolute threshold

The smallest level of stimulus that can be detected usually defined as at least half the time.

The second you hear, see or feel something it has entered your absolute threshold.

Deifference threshold: Tell the difference in what you see, hear and feel.

Webers Law

Constant proportional relationship between the JND and original stimulus intensity

Hard to tell the difference at higher frequencies

Lower - Easier Example: Car volume - 10-15 sounds like a much bigger difference than 25-30

Cycle: Think, Pair, Share

Situation: If you see a car driving towards you, you move out of the way. Take cycle, map it onto what you know

Response is generated, sensory receptors are stimulated, and sensory information is orgaized and interpreted, stored and related to previous experiences.

Every experience you have, there's sensory input processing and response. The brain gives interpretive structure

Psychophysics

Fun fact: Some dogs have 220 million or more olfactory receptors compared to 5 million for humans.

The study of how we percieve sensory stimuli based on physical characteristics

Perception

The brains interpretation of raw sensory input.

Sensation

The detection of physical energy by sense organs and perception