THREE WAYS TO CATEGORISE LLS

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THREE WAYS TO CATEGORISE LLS

Oxford's (1990)

Indirect Strategies 1. Metacognitive 2. Affective strategies 3. Social strategies

Direct strategies  1. Memory 2. Cognitive 3. Compensation Strategies

Rubin's (1987)

Learning Strategies Cognitive -Steps or operations ed in learning or problem-solving that require direct analysis or synthesis of learning materials. Metacognitive -Used to oversee or self-direct language learning. Involve various processes 1. Planning 2. Prioritising 3. Setting goals 4. Self-management

Social Strategies - Activities learners engage in which afford them chances to be exposed to and practise their knowledge. - Contribute indirectly to learning since they do not lead directly to the obtaining,storing,retrieving and usage of language.

Communication Strategies Less directly related to language learning since their focus is on the process of participating in a conversation and getting meaning across or clarifying what the speaker intended.

O'malley's (1985)

Socioeffective Strategies Related with social-mediating activity and transacting with others. Cooperation and question for clarification are the main socioaffective strategies.

Metacognitive Strategies Strategies which require planning for learning, thinking about the learning process, monitoring of ones production or comprehension and evaluating learning after an activity is completed.

Cognitive Strategies Limited to certain learning task consisting more direct manipulation of learning material itself.

Cognitive Strategies - Repetition - Resourcing - Translation - Grouping - Note Taking - Deduction - Recombination - Imagery - Auditory Representation - Key Word - Contextualization - Elaboration - Transfer - Inferencing