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E. Ethical concerns

Gene therapy leading to death

Creating embrios for treating a sick brother

Testing embrios for genetical disposotion

D. Environment influence on Genes

Temperament creates environment

Gentotgype/ Phenotype interaction (PKU)

Envrionment (i.e. Peers) more important for individual differndes

C. Genes influence on developement

Polygenic

Williams Sydrome

But: Karmilloff-Smitt

complex and progressive

specific defects: can come from subtle genetic influences

hearing problem because of a gene coding for fibre rigidity.

early defects: less specific outcomes

developmental plasiticty

Genes contribute to the likelyness of a certain developmental path

Take other developmental route

different cognitive processing is used to arrive at similar outcome

i.e. face processing module

psychological features

cognitive impairment

weak semantics

distinct facial features

Single Gene

But: Env: Diet can prevent this

amnio acid can not be metabolized and lead to cogntive impairment

Rat studies

Cooper

Maze dull raised in rich environment performed as well as maze bright

Tyron: Maze Dull / maze bright studie

F. Evolutionary Psychology

critique overestimation of envriornment / underestimation of culture

Pinker

Evolution brought about abilities for cultural transmission (i.e. learingn and teaching)

example

how genetic prefs for baby featurs drive evolution of teddybears

Function of Modules

social interaction

Expetation: Mechanisms to engage in and learn social interaction

Berndt+Ladd

Close friends are more similar

symmetire

reciprocity

TOM

Built in 4 stages

... leading to TOM

not: shared attention ...

Eyemovement detector

humand as intentional

Function of Extended Childhood?

indirect

Greary + Bjorklund

Als

Speeding up development can result in impairment

cog and soci. traits lead to survival at all stages of developement

Preparation of adutlhood

promotes social skills

Increased agressiveness in males

protect family

doll play

prep for motherhood

Immaturity beneficial to development itself

Bandura: Overestimation

leads to trying out more and perseverance

Memory dev.

Ratner: Egocentrical behviour

Leads to better event memory

Short WM

Better langauage learning in short chunks

Immediate effects (beneficial to survival of child )

Play

but serves the process of development itself

muscle dev. to get to the next stage

sucking relex

survival of baby

Some of the functions are hard to assotiate with adult survival

unclear why humand need longer development (not prepared for immediate survival after birth)

What is evolution

EEA

But:

Recognizes environment as important

but goals and individual cog. processes

Cannot be tested

Evolutionary dev. psychology

What is the function of aspects of behav.

Bowlby

Attachment: to bond with carer for protection and learning

Evolved Modules (psychological processes)

facec recogn

language

that brought advantages

We are adapted to Hunter Gatherer Enviromnemt

Variation

Selection

Heredity

B. Behvioural Genetics

Adoption studies

What can be attributed to similar environment

sim with natural

sim with adopt

Twin Studies

concordance between MZ vs. DZ

DZ

50%

MZ

But: also treated the same

75% heritabilty for overactiviy and Attention problems

Schitzophrenia

4x higher

But: Twins also treated the same

100%

Family Studies

Varying Gentetic similarity

Mother vs. Uncle

Similar Environmments

A. Introduction

Heritabilty (statistics)

changes accross lifespan

increase: likely becaue of selectiviy of environment

intelligence for white middle class more attriubtable to genetic differnces (similar environment)

only for groups

The proportaion of phenotypical variation that can be attributed to genetic influences

Functions of Genes

Traits

many are polygenic

Schitzo

influenced by single genes

PKU

Regulation of function

hormones

neurotransmitters

buiding blocks

producing protetins

Interaction

Phenotype is the effect of environment on the genotype

Epigenessis

environmental factors influence which genes are switched on

Individual variation

Environment

Differneces

Genes

similarities

differnt levels of explanation often are complementary

Gentical

Behaviour Genetics

How do genes contribute to behaviour

Psychological

Evolutionary Psychologists

What is the fuction of a behavour