English Grammar

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English Grammar

Nouns

Collective

Abstract

Concrete

Uncountable

Contable

PLural

Singular

Prpper

Common

To identify something

Pronouns

Indefinited

All

Nobody

Everyone

Which

What

Who

Reflexive

Themselves

Herself

Myself

Demostrative

Those

That

This

Possesive

Their

Her

His

Personal

They

She

He

To avoid redundancy, and improve communication.

Replace nouns to make sentences less repetitive and more concise.

Determiners

There are already several people waiting for a table at this restaurant.

What height is the Empire State Building?

Distributive determiner

Each employee was given a raise

Cardinal numbers|I’m close with my four siblings.

Other shoes might match your outfit better.

Penelope brought her cat to the vet.

I don’t want to sit at this table. I want that table near the window.

The moon looks beautiful tonight.

Types

Quantifiers

Interrogative determiners

Distributive determiners

Numbers

Determiners of difference

Possessive determiners

Demonstrative determiners

Definite and indefinite articles

Modifies, describes, or introduces a noun.

Infinitive

S + verb + verb -ing + cmp + .

both - meaning (different)

different verbs

verb - other verb

Used to

We used to go to the seaside every summer when I was a kid.

Did/Didn’t + use to + m. verb

S + didn’t/did not + use to + m. verb

S + used to + inf. verb .

State a situation

Repeated actions

No longer true actions

Would

When I was young I would play tennis.

Would + S + main verb base + ?

S+ would not/ wouldn’t + main verb base + .

S + would + main verb base + .

Repeated past actions that don't happen any more.

Conditional wish

To regret something

Conditional if

Subtopic

to describe a possible situation

Past perfect continous

Helen had been listening the same music for 4 hours

Had + S + been + v-ing + ?

S+ had not/hadn´t + been + v-ing + .

S + had + been + v-ing + .

To talk about the cause of something in the past.

Past perfect

Had he studied for the test?

They hadn't finished their homework

The film had started before we arrived.

Had + S + verb (past participle) + complement?

S + had + not + verb (past participle) +complement

S + had + verb (past participle) +complement

Was not done

Action

Also use “before”

Action before another action started

Past continous

They were eating at the restaurant.

Ongoing actions

Background for a story

Past action / interrupted

Past habits

interrogative

Was/were + S + verb (ing) + object?

S + was/were + not + verb (ing) + object

S + was/were + verb (ing) + object

Past simple

My father died last year.

Did not + subject + infinitive

Subject + did not + infinitive

Did + subject+ infinitive

Subject + verb + ed

To talk about actions that were completed in the past before the present.

Gerund

She's learning to play the piano in her school.

S + verb + to + verb ing + cmp + .

Passive

Past

Depends on the subject of the sentence. For singular subjects (he, she, it), "was" is used. For plural subjects (we, you, they), "were" is used

Was/Were + subject + past participle verb

Subject + wasn't/were n't+ past participle verb

Subject + was/were + past participle verb

Present

Is this painting drawn by you?

A lot of cod is caught in the North Atlantic.

The car isn't washed every week.

When we want to emphasize the action (the verb) and the object of a sentence rather than the subject.

Am/is/are + subject + past participle verb

Subject + am not/isn't/aren't + verb in past participle

Subject + am /ist/are + verb in past participle

Articles

The

The book on the table

An apple

A car

The

To specify a particular noun.

An

Before nouns that begin with a vowel sound.

A

Before nouns that begin with a consonant sound.

Future B2 forms

I will play tennis.

To talk about something that will happend

Won’t + Subject + Base form of the verb

Will + Subject + Base form of the verb.

Subject + Will not/Won’t + Base form of the verb.

Subject + Will + Base form of the verb.

Future forms

Perfect sontinous

By the end of the year, she will have been working on the publication for over ten years.

We’ll be coming next weekend.

He will be 50 next month.

She'll write the e-mail after lunch

Tenses

perfect continous

To talk the duration of a situation until a certain time un the future

Continous

To talk about situations or actions that will be in progress at a certain time in the future

Simple

For things we thing or believe will happen in the future

Perfect

For action that will happen/be completed by a certain time in the future

Imperatives

Close the door

Base Form of Verb] (+ Optional Subject) (+ Optional Modifier)

Relative adverbs

Where

Refers to a place, information about location

The house where I grew up is now a museum.

Why

I understand the reason why she was upset.

When

Refers to a time

The day when we met was unforgettable.

Connect the relative clause to the main clause.

They provide more information

Reason

Place

Time

Relative clauses

Examples

The reason why Jane was crying is unknown.

Types

Not-defining clauses

Never use THAT

We always use a relative pronoun

We use commas around them

Extra information

Defining clauses

If there’s a subject after the pronoun, we can eliminate the pronoun

We do NOT use commas around them

Essential information

Provides more information about it

Modifies a noun

Relative pronouns

Sheela, who is a teacher, also works as a social worker

Who, whom, whose, that and which

Use

To provide more information about the subject it relates to

To connect an independent clause to a relative clause

Modals

Example

Shall I make some tea for you

Advisability

Should have + V past + participle

Had better

Had better not

Oght to

Should

Shouldn't

Prohibition

Musn't

Lack of necessity

Not have to

Expressing necessity 0.2

Past

Had to

Present

Have got

Have

Must

Expressing necessity

Gave got to

Have to

Must

Be supposed to

Had better

Be going to

Will

Shall

Be able

Can

Could

Something that is

Probable

Possible

Permissible

Advisable

Necessary

Are used together with main verbs to represent the ability, possibility and probability of a subject to perform an action and to emphasize the necessity of an action.

Present simple

Does Jack play football?

She does not play with a ball.

She plays with a ball.

Instructions

Facts

Habits

Schedules

Actions that are happening now

Regular actions

Structure

Do/does + he/she/it/I/we/you/they + verb + ?

do/does + not + infinitive of the verb

3rd person singular (he, she, it) infinitive + -s

Present continous

Are you dancing?

She is not (isn't) talking

She is talking.

Use

Something that has happened around us

Events

An ongoinf action,

Am/is/are subject + verb (ing) + pbject + ?

Subject + to be + not + base + ing

Subject + to be + base + ing

Present perfect

Example

Have you had fun today?

She has not watched 'Titanic' yet.

I have bought a ticket for every game this season

Structure

Interrogative

Have/has + subject + v3 + object +?

Negative

Subject + have/has + not + v3 + object

Positive

Subject + have/has + v3 + object